Cafs Irp - 975 Words

Introduction Research question: ‘What role does bilingualism play in educational development? Hypothesis: In my opinion bilingualism plays a major role in the educational development of children. This is because research has shown that children who are fluent in their home language are more successful in learning a second language. Furthermore, being bilingual offers greater sensitivity to language, more flexibility in thinking and better ear for listening. It also improves a child’s understanding for the native language. Moreover, knowledge of other languages increases a career of opportunities offering several job options. I will briefly give definitions of key words in my research question- * Role: proper or customary function†¦show more content†¦Interviewing a wide range of people will ensure that I have enough information and knowledge on bilingualism and the role it plays in educational development. * Literature review: This will allow me to gather a range of information, from a variety of sources such as; textbooks, internet, journals, research papers, and books specific to topic area. How I will conduct my research- The primary and secondary research will both be conducted over a number of weeks during the period of time I have to complete my IRP. Also, throughout the duration of the time I have to complete my IRP I will be completing my diary, which I will record everything I have found. My primary data will be collected over a number of weeks. This will include me personally going out and interviewing students and teachers also give out my questionaries. My secondary data on the other hand will be conducted by going out and researching existing information about my chosen topic. I will also browse the internet for relevant and rather useful information, read through books and textbooks. Ethical and bias considerations- When conducting an independent research project of any form, one must take into consideration ethical and bias issues. Throughout my research I will be keeping in mind the ethical and bias considerations. Also, to avoid any dilemmas I have made it an option on my questionaries for the participant to putShow MoreRelatedCAFS IRP - Depression in youth5596 Words   |  23 Pagesï » ¿Patrick burgess IRP Depression and its affects of youth Table of contents Abstract: 5 Acknowledgements: 7 Introduction: 8 Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, feelings of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death experienced by an individual for over two weeks and it affects the following needs listed in the Groups in Context unit. 8 Methods of data collection: 13 ResultsRead MoreCafs Irp How Does Drinking Alcohol Affect the Wellbeing of Teenage Girls (Between the Ages of 14-174944 Words   |  20 Pagesdrinking alcohol has on teenage girls and their wellbeing. This IRP demonstrates the consequences teenage girls may face when drinking alcohol by consisting of reliable and relevant information and research regarding the topic. The research included in this IRP consists of Primary sources, including surveys which provide statistics throughout a percentage of people, and interviews which provide information in depth. The research in this IRP also consists of secondary sources, including Newspaper articlesRead MoreCafs I.R.P Study Notes1352 Words   |  6 PagesCAFS Study Notes - Research Methodology Methodologies: Quantitative research Collects numerical data that can be quantified. Research with numbers. Focus on measuring, collecting and drawing relationships through statistical analysis and experimentation. E.g.: questionnaires, interviews and experiments. Benefits: Objective and reliable, less subject to bias of researcher. Qualitative research Collecting Information not involving numbers. Focus on small numbers of people and produceRead MoreMarriage Equality For Same Sex Couples1480 Words   |  6 Pagesily Studies Interest Research Project Marriage Equality for Same-Sex Couples in Australia. Tiarne Milton Year 12, CAFS Mrs Stamoudis Table Of Contents Abstract/summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Acknowledgments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Review of existing research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

A Tale Of Knights And Men The Lays Of Marie De France...

Cathy Coverdale Professor McBride World Literature 201 14 August 2016 A Tale for Our Time Dear Professor McBride, I have decided to write on the of Knights and Men: the lays of Marie de France and Rostam and Kavus because I found how these two work in the parallel but also in different ways. I wanted to try and articulate what these two difference are in my paper. I think my paper is strong because it shows how things where back then and how it shows that things have change slightly changed over there but for the most part things have not change at all we have just moved into a different way of life than how it was back then. Cathy Cathy Coverdale Professor McBride World Literature 201 14 August 2016 Time has change quite a bit since the early year of the Twelfth Century this was a time of no TV’s, phones. This was a time of things were begin invented that we use today. But one thing that has never really changed is how we fight and love granted we have different things that we use know then they did back then but no different. I will be talking about of Knights and Men and The Lays of Marie de France and Rostam and Kavus about how similar these two are from the two different centuries. â€Å"In the beginning a mere century after the Norman Conquest of England and a scant fifty years after the appearance of the most important French epic poem, The Song of Roland (c. 1095), the period from 1150 to 1200 witnessed a remarkable outpouring of cultural

Create Space Independent Publish Platform -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Create Space Independent Publish Platform? Answer: Introduction Due to the growing competitiveness of the global businesses, effective business communication practices are essential to create an effective communication level between the parties involved within and outside of the organization by following the communication standards. The first task of this report will analyze the communication style by using the diagnostic models and relevant findings as well as the two communication issues and reflection on these issues. The literature review part will identify the key communication concepts, models, and behaviors for developing the adequate competences as well as improvement in my conceptual (theoretical) and behavioral (interpersonal) skills (Root, 2015). Finally, the action plan will be developed for taking action over the time period of 6 months in order to improve the communication skills, knowledge, and competences as well as bringing change in the communication style. Analysis of communication style by using diagnostic models related to communication There are many diagnostic models that help an individual become a better communicator and also improve communication in an organization. The following are these models: Johari window is a diagnostic model relating to communication (Self-Awareness, 2017). There are two factors working in this window. The first factor is what you know about yourself. The second factor is what the other people know about you. The model has four quadrants. The open area is what you know about yourself and are willing to share with others. The blind area consists of what you do not know about yourself but others know. The hidden area is what you know about yourself but do not want others to know. The area that is unknown to you and others is unknown area (Berland and Berland, 2017). This model works on the basis that one can apply self-awareness diagnosis. In other words one can introspect what are ones strength and weaknesses and what you are willing to share with others. Another aspect is to get feedback about yourself from others. Communication style questionnaire Communication style questionnaire is made to find out the communication style of a person, how good a communicator a person is. There are several kinds of communicators with analytic, intuitive, functional and personal communication style (Forbes, 2017). Analytic communicators believe in presenting data. They believe in definite information. Intuitive communicators take a broader view and come to the main point very fast and discuss the main issue. Functional communicators are process driven people. They are methodical and proceed step by step. Assertive questionnaire Assertive questionnaire seeks to find out how assertive an individual is. In other words, a person can express his/her inner thoughts with some force without being fearful of anything. These thoughts could be regardingbusiness-law and desires of the person. Multiple questions are put to the person to assess the degree of assertiveness in the person. It is also tested how the person responds under pressure, whether the individual is assertive. Interpersonal communication technique Interpersonal communication technique involves face to face communication between two or more people. In this case information is exchanged verbally and also non verbally. There might be some exchange of written data between the people. In this case the facial expression and the movement of body parts also matter. It is also gauged whether the participants are willing to listen to one another. Competent 360 degree diagnostic technique Under 360 degree technique the competence of a person is judged on the basis of feedback from the manager, colleagues, customers, friends and relatives of the individual (National college for teaching and leadership, 2017). From some people the feedback would be positive and some might give a negative feedback and a complete picture emerges which is assessed. The process is different from a performance appraisal as more people are consulted, not just the seniors of the person under assessment. Findings of the diagnostic tools Most of the employers today look for better communication skills in a person. In order to become a good manager, one must know how to communicate with the individuals subordinates and customers also along with seniors (Duke, Frankel and Reis, 2013). People who can communicate well have the better chances of getting ahead in life. It has to be a two way communication as envisaged in the Johari window diagnostic tool. I have a problem is revealing things about myself. I also hesitate to get feedback from others regarding what they think of me. This situation means that I do not know much what the people think about me. As given in the Johari window, any of the quadrants can change with the efforts of people. The open area can become wide with me willing to reveal more about myself. The hidden area can become less with me revealing more about my strengths and also weaknesses to people (Self-Awareness, 2017). I need to trust people more. My communication style is analytic. I believe in presenting numbers to people I work with. I believe in analyzing numbers and coming to a conclusion and communicating the end result to people. Some people think I am a very cold person as I am always talking about numerical data and less about feelings and emotions. I need to change my communication style to a certain extent and strike a personal rapport with the person I am communicating with. I need to put emotions in my voice. Identification of two key communication issues based on analysis of findings I need to improve my interpersonal communication. I have to let go of hesitations and talk freely with people. I should be ready to reveal my thoughts, ideas, perceptions and opinions to others. In this way people would find me to be a more interesting person to talk to. I have to get things done from others. For this purpose proper communication is required from my side (Robles, 2012). I have to be a good listener also. I should give others the chance to say things to me. I should be supportive of their thoughts also so that they open up to me. There is need for me to take the initiative and ask them to express themselves. I need to change my communication style from all analytic to being personal and intuitive also while I am engaged in public speaking. I need to get the attention of different kinds of people while talking to them. I need to add more variety to my thoughts. There is need for introspection regarding my communication style Reflection on two recent professional interactions There have been two recent professional interactions involving me which brought to light my inadequate communication skills. In one case some big customers of the company came to office. I was asked to address them regarding products of the company. Management off well but then started hesitating. It seemed I was not properly prepared. I should have memorized some important things. Everything was not put by me in slides properly. My written communication was not that good. I could not answer queries of customers properly and I lost their attention. I failed at interpersonal communication with the customers. In another instance, a group discussion was organized by my manager to discuss team performance. I could come up with some numerical data regarding sales made by the team. But I could not point out which of my colleagues had not done well. I was not intuitive and personal in communication. I could not discuss what was ailing the company. My communication style was not effective. Literature Review Both issues are related to change in my communication style as well as improvement in my interpersonal skills, representation skills, writing skills, and communication competences for interacting/communicating the clients/organizational individuals (peers/colleagues/subordinates) effectively (Robles, 2012). Effective business communication involves two or more parties for sharing the knowledge and experiences through talking and interacting between the parties involved (Paul, 2011). It defines two-way relationship between sender and receiver by communicating the message clearly through simple speech and hearing, word choice, clear message, body language, and communication style for ensuring the effectiveness of the communication between the parties. The effective business communication may involve the dimensions, such as personal or impersonal, intentional or unintentional, verbal or nonverbal, and internal or external. The effective communication should be in the form of face-to-face interactions by using words, or in written for giving the written presentation by using the texts, emails, social media sites, slides, intranets, blogs, videos, conferencing, displays, or other forms (Richards and Studio, 2015). The communication concepts or tools, such as emails, employee publication papers, employee intranet, memos and letters, power point slides, word text files, displays, videos, and social media could be used to interact and communicate the organizational individuals and professional clients effectively. The effective communication could be held through the intranets, business meetings, seminars, dealings with clients, group presentation, bulletin boards, social networking sites or professional events. By using the communication concepts, I would be able to interact and communicate with the organizational individuals and clients effectively by making change in the communication style. The communication style could be changed by focusing on the communication concepts, such as using the effective communication method, right tone of language, clear and simple words choice, English language, short communication, impressive body language, dialogue communication, good eye contract, active listening and effective speaking, gestures, and brief comments (Management Study Guide, 2015). For achieving effective communication, I will make constant change in the communication style by using the concepts, such as concise and straightforward language, clear goals and objective, conversational tone, complete knowledge and information (about the topic or product on which communication to be held), and professional manner instead of emotional. It will be effective for me to have full confidence and credibility to my current knowledge and information for answering the questions asked by the clients confidently in an open way. It is also necessary to check the data and facts before giving any kind of business presentation. It will also be effective to develop the communication message that is easily identifiable and understandable to the targeted person. I also need to be personal, initiative and intuitive before start the communicating. I am also required to make improvement in my interpersonal skills by ensuring listening others actively, effectively speaking to others, negotiation with clients or organization staffs, developing habits of good communicator, and effective decision-making and problem solving skills (Online Trainees, 2013). All these communication concepts will be effective in developing my communication competences, improvement in my current skills, and acquiring new knowledge for creating effective communic ation with the clients or staff members. The communication model, such as Shannon and Weaver model of communication will be effective for changing my communication style as well as improving my communication skills and competences to the great extent. This is a model of communication that may be effective for interpreting, transmitting, and receiving the communication message of the sender to the receiver by using the communication channels. This is a mathematical communication model that represents the data and facts with the accurate and proper presentation by reducing the possibility of the communication barriers or errors. This model is used in the business communications in the written or oral presentations, and text messaging for improving the style and way of communication and maximizing the conversation with the minimum noise (Communication Theory, 2015). This model has concepts, such as sender (information source), encoder (transmitter), decoder (receiver), receiver (destination), and communication channel. In this model, the following concepts are used:- Sender- it sends the communication message by choosing a suitable communication channel. Encoder- coverts the message into signals or binary data directly by using the encoding or converting machines. Channel- It is used to convert the message of the sender and sent this to the receiver. Decoder (receiver) the machine used to convert the binary data or signals into the message or translate the messages from the signals Receiver (destination) the person who receives or gets the message from the sender and provides appropriate feedbacks to the message (Durga, 2016) Noise also known as physical barriers or disturbances to the message, like location, environment, and timing that dont allow the message let to the receiver as this actually is In this model, the sender sends the communication message in the form of the texts, voice mail, video content or post to the receiver through an appropriate communication channel that is understandable to the machine. The receptor or encoding machine works as decoder for decoding the message before sending to the receiver. The noise, physical barriers, technical issues, or server problems might cause problem in the communication process and might not have capacity to decod the message. Air is the communication channel or medium to transmit, decode, and sending the message to the receiver. Another communication model, David Berlos SMCR model (1960) will be effective to create an effective communication between the parties involved in the communication. This model encodes and decodes the message before the sender sending the message and receiver receiving the message. This model has four components including sender or source, message, channel, and receiver. This is following as:- Sender- this is a person who originates the message and sends this to the receiver. This includes the factors, such as communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social systems, and culture. Message- the substance that is send by the sender to the receiver that may be in the form of video, text, audio, visuals, voice or other communication media. It might be influenced by the factors, such as content, elements, treatment, code, and structures. Channel- this is the communication medium used to send the message. The communication tools, such as telephone, voice message, video calls, or written text or slides may be used to send the message. Hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting are such factors that may influence the effectiveness of the communication channel (Root, 2015). Receiver- the personal who receives the message as the receiver should have active listening skills. The communication skills, social systems, culture, attitudes, and knowledge are such factors that affect the communication message. Source: David Berlos SMCR Model of Communication) From the findings of the relevant communication issues, it is clear that I am weak at interpersonal skills and conceptual communication skills. So, I will be required to develop the communication competences through understanding and improvement of the conceptual (theoretical) skills and Behavioral skills (interpersonal skills). The conceptual or theoretical skills are essential to understanding the tasks, duties, and responsibilities at the workplace, develop interpersonal relationship with the staff members, and act on the meaningful goals and coherent strategy. These are required to develop the meaningful conclusions, create new ideas and acquire new knowledge for effective working in the organization (Williams, 2017). The conceptual skills include managerial skills, compelling skills, analytical skills, and writing skills. These skills are required in copying, compelling, comparing, analyzing, synthesizing, and Innovating/coordinating. The interpersonal skills are those that are used to interact and communicate with the organizational individuals and clients at the workplace. The interpersonal skills include verbal communication, non-verbal communication, negotiation, listening, problem solving and decision-making skills. The verbal communication includes face-to-face interaction by using words, while non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, hand gestures, and body expressions. The negotiation skills are required to negotiate with the clients effectively. The listening skills are required to listen the organizational individuals or staff members effectively. The decision-making skills are required to take decisions effectively in the contingent situations or emergencies (Teicher, 2014). Finally, the problem solving skills are required to find an appropriate solution to the problems. Action Plan The action plan will be developed for developing my communication competences, bringing improvement in my skills and workplace communicational behavior and acquiring knowledge that will be undertaken over the time period of 6 months through the sequence of the key events and activities. The action plan will include undertaking specific short courses, such as training and skill development programs, undertaking advanced post graduate degree or diploma courses at CQU or other reputed institutions, reading planning for acquiring the conceptual/theoretical knowledge, specific communication sources (such as learning courses, books, magazines, articles, journals, blogs, texts), and coaching and mentoring (CEGR, 2016). All these communication sources will assist to improve my skills, knowledge, and communication competences to the great extent. The training and skills development programs will be effective for developing my communication competences, such as improvement in my workplace communication and interpersonal skills. By attending/joining the training and skills development programs, I will be able to communicate/ interact with others effectively, listen others with active listening as well as giving strong representation in meetings, seminars or group presentation, and good English writing skills for good written presentation with accurate data, facts, findings, and slides on the relevant topic/case (Dutta, 2013). The following table will identify the events and activities of the action plan for showing the improvement in the skills, knowledge, and communication competences through the communication courses to be undertaken during the time period of 6 months. Development/ improvement of skills Action Plan Sources for development/improvement Timeliness Change in communication Style Manage the workforce through good communication with them Acquire knowledge and develop communication competences By enrolling in the specific master degree communication courses Reading textbooks, journals, articles or learning materials 2 months Improvement in the interpersonal skills and problem solving skills Communicate and interact the clients, colleagues, and subordinates effectively Solve the problems or complexities effectively Through group discussions or attending seminars and event (Kaul, 2014) 1 month Improvement in Writing skills To give strong written presentation through the active English language, representation slides, facts and findings, and data presentation By attending coaching, training and case study analysis Registering with the certification MBA programs or diploma courses from a reputed university 1 months Improvement in communication skills and representation skills To give strong representation in the meetings or group discussions Take effective decisions, moral judgment, and perform tasks and actions effectively (Guffey and Loewy, 2014) Specific training and learning courses Reading books, journals, articles, blogs 2 months Gantt Chart- Events/Activities 1 Oct- 15 Oct 16 Oct- 31 Oct 1 Nov - 15 Nov 16 Nov - 30 Nov. 1 Dec- 15 Dec 16 Dec- 31 Dec 1 Jan- 15 Jan 16 Jan - 31 Jan 1 Feb- 15 Feb 16 Feb - 28 Feb 1 Mar- 15 Mar 16 Mar- 31 Mar 1.Attending seminars and meeting to improve oral representation 2.Giving Presentation in meetings 3.Participate in the events and public speaking programs 4.Reading books and magazines to improve conceptual skills 5.E-learning through articles, blogs 6.Master degree diploma or MBA for communication development 7.Maintaining personal Journal 8. Feedback Reporting for further improvement in skills 9.Learning through coaching or mentoring 10.Reading plan to acquire new knowledge (Dignen and McMaster, 2013). 11.Specific Communication Texts 12.Reflection on Communication Interactions References Berland, A., and Berland, A. (2017). Using the Johari Window to explore patient and provider perspectives.International Journal of Healthcare Governance,Vol. 22(1), 47-51. CEGR (2016). Effective Business Communication. Australia: Center for Education Growth and Research. Communication Theory (2015). Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication. Retrieved From: https://communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/. Dignen, B. and McMaster, I. (2013). Effective International Business Communication. Australia: Collins. Duke, P., Frankel, R. M., Reis, S. (2013). How to integrate the electronic health record and patient-centered communication into the medical visit: a skills-based approach.Teaching and learning in medicine,25(4), 358-365. Durga, V. K. (2016). Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication. Retrieved From: https://www.slideshare.net/VishnuDurga/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication. Dutta, S. (2013). BUSINESS COMMUNICATION. Australia: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Fielding, M. (2006). Effective Communication in operations. Juta Company Ltd. Forbes (2017). Which of these 4 communication styles are you? Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/markmurphy/2015/08/06/which-of-these-4-communication-styles-are-you/#545f773f3adb. Guffey, E. M. and Loewy, D. (2014). Business Communication: Process and Product. USA: Cengage Learning. Kaul, A. (2014). EFFECTIVE BUSINESS COMMUNICATION. Australia: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Management Study Guide (2015). Overcoming Communication Barriers. Retrieved From: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/overcoming-communication-barriers.http. National college for teaching and leadership (2017). 360-degree feedback. Retrieved from: https://www.nationalcollege.org.uk/transfer/open/adsbm-phase-2-preparatory-module/adsbm-p2-s3/adsbm-p2-s3t5.html Online Trainees (2013). Guidelines For Effective Business Communication. Australia: Online Trainees. Richards, L. and StudioD (2015). Effective Business Communication Methods. Retrieved From: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/communication_methods.htm. Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in todays workplace.Business Communication Quarterly,75(4), 453-465. Root, N. G. (2015). 7Cs of Effective Business Communication. Retrieved From: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/7-cs-effective-business-communication-114.html. SelfAwareness (2017). Understanding the Johari window model. Retrieved from: https://www.selfawareness.org.uk/news/understanding-the-johari-window-model Teicher, B. (2014). It's HOW You Say It: Effective Business Communication Skills. UK: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Williams, D. (2017). Fundamental Concepts of Effective Business Communication. London: Grin Verlag.

Survivors Tale And Spiegelman Essay Example For Students

Survivors Tale And Spiegelman Essay There is an old saying that a picture says a thousand words. Art Spiegelmansseries Maus: A Survivors Tale proves this saying to a tee. Added to thedialogue, a million possibilities arise. The series is a biographical comic bookabout his fathers experiences during the Holocaust. It uses cats, mice, andother animals to present this very delicate subject. The first book in theseries received tremendous adulation and received the National Book CriticsCircle prize in biography. However, the critics involved in this prize wereforced to ask two questions. Does a comic book represent the World Wars wellor not? and Was Spiegelman right to use the humor of a comic book toexpress the Holocaust? I will attempt to answer these questions by focusingon Maus II: And Here My Troubles Began. Using artwork combined with picturesserves many purposes. It allows the author to develop characters with a visualreference. It serves to fill in the blanks by cutting down the necessity to readbetween the lines t o understand the big picture. These can be seen as pros andcons. So Spiegelman attempted to reduce the gap between the dialogue and thepictures. I didnt want people to get too interested in the drawings. I wantedthem to be there, but the story operated somewhere else. It operates somewherebetween the words and the idea thats in the pictures, which is in essencewhat happens in a comic. This direct quote from an unknown interview done withSpiegelman shows that he meant to use the pictures only as a tool to express hisideas. If too much emphasis were put on the pictures, then whole story would notbe shown. However, if the pictures and the dialogue are read as one, then theentire story is expressed. Spiegelman says in the quote that he doesnt wantpeople to focus on the artwork, he just uses them to help the story along. Tohelp him with keeping the focus off the drawings, you can notice an extremeuniformity in the drawings. The appearance of characters are shown the samethroughout the co mic book, the facial expressions never change with emotioneither. The author uses the uniformity in the pictures to eliminate the overdescriptive nature of pictures. Instead, there are still things left to thereaders imagination. Spiegelman needs this uniformity throughout the comic bookso that Holocaust does not come across as a creative medium for writing. Insteadof using the drawings as a medium to show expression, he uses the drawings alsohelp him to express ideas that he does not want left to the imagination. Forexample, on page 70 in Maus II, there is a map of the crematorium buildings. We will write a custom essay on Survivors Tale And Spiegelman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This eliminates any disparity between what he wants the reader to see, and whatthe reader will actually believe. As well as eliminating this disparity, thedrawings can be used to accentuate ideas that Spiegelman has tries to express. There are pictures in Maus II that can be described as simple disturbing, butshow the atrocities of the Holocaust well. A picture of some of the unfortunatemice burning in a mass grave is present on page 72 of Maus II. You simply couldnot express the horror experienced by the unfortunate humans that were forced togo through this by using words to describe it. Hitler once said, The Jews areundoubtedly a race, but they are not human. In essence the cartoon letsSpiegelman show a distinct metaphor. Spiegelman uses mice as the Jewish people,cats as the Germans, dogs as the Americans as well as other animals. By usingthe difference in size and visual ferocity, he is better able to express this isa highly controversial metaphor. This displays the stratification of the entireEuropean culture as a whole. The realization of Hitlers racism, as well asthe Americans, is shown to the fullest extent. In the end of the book, theAmericans are shown as dogs, and drawn as very fierce creatures. Obvious ly, heis trying to show the Americans as more powerful than the Germans and theGermans more powerful than the Jewish. This shows how Spiegelman used theanalogy to express the stratification that was present during this period oftime. Spiegelman successfully used the cartoon medium to express Hitlersquote. The Holocaust is obviously a very sullen event in world history. Justtalking about the event can be disheartening to anyone. Using the pictures andthe humor of cartoons allows Spiegelman to side step the saddening of the eventsthat occurred in the Holocaust. The small jokes that are embedded into thedialogue and the humorous misfortunes of the present day Vladek do a good job ofdistracting the reader from the sadness. An example of Spiegelmans use ofhumor to show the Holocaust in lighter way is on page 78. In this passage,Vladek decides that he wants to return the box of Special K that is open andonly half full to the supermarket. He says that is because he learned toconserve food in anyway possible during the Holocaust. Later, he also says thathe saves matches by leaving the gas fire on all day. By using humor, Spiegelmanwas able to describe the lasting effects suffered by the survivors of theHolocaust in a lighter way. This was also probably the biggest con thatSpiegelman experienced while trying to describe the Holocaust as a comic. Theholocaust is a very delicate topic to discuss under any form of writing. .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 , .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .postImageUrl , .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 , .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5:hover , .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5:visited , .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5:active { border:0!important; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5:active , .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5 .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98aa729caa59d9aa977c0ae670f9bbe5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Architecture act EssayExpressing the events with humor can be a very dangerous endeavor. People mightnot like the idea of making a comic strip out of the racism towards the Jewishpopulation and the horror that their people have gone through. By presenting theevents of the Holocaust in a humorous way, the atrocities that occurred do notstand out as the major topic of the book. You can ask fairly, What givesSpiegelman the right to make jokes when talking about this topic? The answeris that no one did. The humor and the story line distract people from the horrorexperienced. To decide whether Spiegelman has correctly shown the Holocaust andthe atrocities associated with it, yo u must weigh the above arguments. Can thedescriptive nature of the comic book and the creative sidestepping used bySpiegelman be a great thing, or, is the sidestepping that is used by the authora heartless attempt to make his fathers accounts of the holocaust as anenjoyable story. I do not believe that Spiegelman was right in using humorduring this book, but I do believe that it added to the enjoyable readability ofthe book. However, I think that using a comic medium that allows drawings lethim to best describe the events of his fathers life and the Holocaust ingeneral. By having the visual medium available, he was able to show some eventsof the Holocaust without actually having to describe them. During the discussionof awarding one of Spiegelmans prizes, an argument was made, was he right inexpressing the Holocaust as a comic book. This literary medium did let him showthe Holocaust as he best as he could. With pictures, he was able to show morethan any novel ever could. However, I personally think that he was very wrong inusing humor simply because the actual victims probably dont find it funny,but that is a personal question only you can answer for yourself. BibliographySpiegelman, Art. Maus II: A Survivors Tale. New York, NY: PantheonBooks, 1992. Brown, Joshua. Of Mice and Memory. Rev. of Maus: A SurvivorsTale, by Art Spiegelman. Oral History Review, Spring 1988.

Taiwans Economy Transformation

How Human Behavior Is Comparable to the Crucible Essays

How Human Behavior Is Comparable to the Crucible Essays How Human Behavior Is Comparable to the Crucible Essay How Human Behavior Is Comparable to the Crucible Essay Essay Topic: The Crucible John Proctor is at a trial for witchcraft. John Proctor states, l speak my own sins, I cannot Judge another. Proctor states this as he confesses that he was the one who committed the act of witchcraft. When he states, l cannot Judge another, he is implying that he is referring to his affair with Abigail, is being accountable for the fault In his matter, and does not wish to place the blame on anyone else. A theme of fear Is prevalent when John Proctor Is saying, l speak my own sins. This holds true cause he knows that If he does not tell the truth, he knows that he will likely be executed at the gallows. There Is also a sense of logic when John Proctor states, l cannot Judge another. By saying this, John Proctor Is using accountability to not place his wrongdoings on Abigail Williams. Not unlike John Proctor, most people will usually tell the truth out of fear if they want to avoid getting killed. People tell the truth out of fear as they believe that their life is more important to them than the punishment, if there is any that may await them. While many people demonstrate a sense of being illogical by avoiding punishment by using a scapegoat, there are other people, like John Proctor, who states, I cannot Judge another, he is admitting to his crime and does not place the blame on Abigail as he knows that he should tell the truth. When John Proctor stated, speak my own sins, I cannot Judge another, the fear and hysteria that he had after being accused for witchcraft led him to tell the truth at the trial to avoid further punishment. After John Proctor confesses, Detonator calls for the marshal. He calls for the rascal to bring seven condemned prisoners, including John Proctor, to the gallows. According to Detonator, Twelve are already accused; seven are expected to die this morning. While Detonator knows that he is wrong, he fears that backing down will make him look weak. Detonator knows that he is wrong because he knows that the seven accused, who were going to the gallows, do not deserved to be killed for accusations of witchcraft or links to the devil. However, Governor Detonator does not back down In the execution of the seven who were accused. He does not back down s he believes that If he does back down, that his pride will be shattered. Detonator believes that his pride will be shattered because If he does not execute the seven who were accused, he gets the Impression that he will look foolish In the religious community as he did not execute those who were not abiding by the laws of religion. However, Detonator Knows deep clown Tanat execution Is wrong. He Knows Tanat execution is wrong because he believes that maybe it is wrong for one to be killed due to a religious infraction. Not unlike Governor Detonator, there are people in our society who know that certain deeds are wrong. However, instead of following their own ideals or morals, there are people who believe that if they do not live up to what those people around them expect that their pride will be shattered because those people will look foolish to other people in society. However, this is not always true as there are people who stand up for what is right and reasonable without caring what anyone else thinks. When Governor Detonator stated, Twelve are already accused; seven are expected to die this morning, he could have used his sense of season to prevent the executions, however, pride got in the way and the seven accused were executed. Before John Proctor was executed, he had a chance to be saved by Reverend Hale. Reverend Hale stated, Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own. I came into this village like a bridegroom to his beloved, bearing gifts of high religion; the very crowns of holy law I brought, and what I touched with my bright confidence, it died; and where I turned the eye of my great faith, blood flowed up. Reverend Hale, who enters Salem with a naive attitude, realizes that he caused irreparable damage after John Proctor was accused. In order to help John Proctor, Reverend Hale advises Elizabeth Proctor to have John Proctor sign a false confession to save his life so he will not suffer a severe punishment. Initially, Reverend Hale uses his power and authority in the wrong way, by compromising John Proctors life. However, Reverend Hale demonstrates reason by demonstrating accountability for his mistake. After that, Reverend Hale demonstrates power and reason by suggesting the solution of having Elizabeth Proctor sign a false confession o prevent John Proctor from suffering a severe punishment. When Reverend Hale initially compromises John Proctor, he demonstrates reason, power, and logic by aiding John and Elizabeth Proctor. The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, demonstrates superstitions of innocent people. Power is demonstrated by Reverend Hale when he impacts yet helps John Proctor. Reason that is sidelined by pride is demonstrated by Governor Detonator while John Proctor demonstrates accountability. These are how the themes in The Crucible apply to our society lives.

Compare or Contrast two politians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare or Contrast two politians - Essay Example They tolerated political dissent in their respective countries a. President Obama is tolerant of the criticism hurled against him. b. President Aquino did not do any crackdown when protesters gathered against him. III. President Barack Obama of the United States and President Benigno Aquino of the Philippines are respected leaders in the world a. President Barack Obama is the leader of the free world being the President of the most powerful country in the world. b. President Benigno Aquino is considered an icon of democracy in Asia Outline page Thesis: President Barack Obama of the United States and President Benigno Aquino of the Philippines were icons of democracy. They were elected through a popular vote, tolerated dissent and respected leaders of the free world. I. Elected through a popular vote was the political mechanism that President Obama was elected through a college system of U.S. voting system where the various states elected the candidates and President Benigno Aquino wa s elected through a popular landslide vote. a. President Obama was elected through a college system of U.S. voting system where the various states elected the candidates which is the political system in the US. b. President Benigno Aquino was elected through a popular landslide vote over several candidates during the 2010 election. II. They tolerated political dissent in their respective countries where President Obama is tolerant of the criticism hurled against him and President Aquino did not do any crackdown when protesters gathered against him. a. President Obama is tolerant of the criticism hurled against him especially with the introduction of the expanded healthcare known as Obamacare. b. President Aquino did not do any crackdown when protesters gathered against him when Filipinos gathered around the Luneta Park to protest the use of Pork Barrel. III. President Barack Obama of the United States and President Benigno Aquino of the Philippines are respected leaders in the world because President Barack Obama is the leader of the free world being the President of the most powerful country in the world and President Benigno Aquino is considered an icon of democracy in Asia. a. President Barack Obama is the leader of the free world being the President of the most powerful country in the world and can influence other governments to follow the path of democracy. b. President Benigno Aquino is considered an icon of democracy in Asia being the son of President Corazon Aquino who popularized the democratic protest of â€Å"People Power†. Essay The Democratic Political System Democracy is a political system where leaders must have the consent of the governed before they can rule. It is a political exercise derived from the Greeks where decisions are made based on the benefit of the majority and not just by some people. Democracy is also a political environment where people are free and have equal rights. These freedom and rights are guaranteed in their Cons titution or the law that governs their countries. These political system in practiced in the United States and Philippines where their leaders President Barack Obama and President Aquino has to be elected through popular vote, tolerant of political dissent their respective countries and respected leaders in the world. Elected through a popular vote was the political mechanism that President Obama catapulted him into office which is a college system of U.S. voting system where the various states elected

The Various Legal Aspects Associated with the Warwickshire College Essay

The Various Legal Aspects Associated with the Warwickshire College - Essay Example The college as a whole has been formed as a result of the merger of few other colleges and was established in the year1996. In the backdrop of this, the essay intends to produce an informal report considering the legal aspects of Warwickshire College. Discussion This section generally describes the type of legal status that gets associated with a firm or even an educational organization depended on its types. Since property ownership can be of multiple types and thus the associated legal aspects also vary accordingly. Examples of ownership model include government ownership, cooperative ownership, private ownership, public ownership, collective ownership and other types of ownership. Warwickshire College is an autonomous Corporation with exempt charity status incorporated under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 (Warwickshire College, n.d.). Additively, the college corporation appears to be made up of the membership of the local community business, stakeholder partners, local authorities and the staff-student members. This organization also abides by the general ‘employment’, ‘diversity’, ‘equality’, ‘health’ and ‘safety’ laws as established by the UK government. Depending on these health and safety principles, the college provides a clean and safe environment for the students and the employees to work. The pricing policy in context to this college generally refers to its fee structure. Concerning fee structure, the college demands a full payment of the course fee before it issues the Visa letter to its students. In certain cases where college fails to issue the Visa letter to students, it provides a complete refund of the submitted course fee to the student after deduction of certain percentage as administrative charges. This refunding process needs to be carried out within three months from the date of refusal of the visa. The variation within the yearly course fee completely depends on t he decision of the college.

Challenges in Auditing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenges in Auditing - Literature review Example According to Power (1997, cited in Free, Salterio and Shearer, 2009) auditing can be described as both operational and programmatic elements. The programmatic elements relate to the concepts and ideas that make practice and policy objectives that are existent in the political arena. Goals are formulated with the practices for the levels of programs. These levels are defined when audits are required by the regulatory agencies. The operational elements refer to the concrete routines and tasks that are practiced by the practitioners worldwide. Review The global audit regulatory system is dynamic that includes a number of organizations, which compete among them. Such competition is reflected in the range of actions from political lobbying process to policy publication papers and submission of those papers to the committees. During the period of financial crisis, it is hard to find papers that are audited by the large firms, national audit boards and the professional bodies. Another probl em related to the financial crisis is that, the process in which the assurance operation is carried out and enacted (Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011). Audits aims at drawing general conclusion from the studies that are made regarding a topic. Thus, there is lack of potential use of the statistical foundations like sampling, which often gave limited information and provided with incorrect results. The qualitative studies carried out by Humphrey and Moizer (1990, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) and Fischer (1996, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) has suggested that the practice of the financial audit work is socially constructed. Curtis and Turley (2007, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) has argued that there are huge business risk in the audit works. They have documented the problems that are related to the translation of new concepts that are developed by the officers at administrative levels, into the real audit techniqu es at the general practitioner level. The auditing profession is related to good consequences as well as bad crisis. But the auditing profession has responded boldly to the financial crisis by implementing a number of communication modes and interacting with the governmental and regulatory bodies. The clarification is needed for specifying the exact role and the obligations of the auditors. According to Woods (2009, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) the companies often face downturn, when their financial statements are not audited properly and thus it threats the future developments of the company. According to Cherry, Johnson and Veron (2008, cited in Humphrey, Loft and Woods, 2009) suggested that auditing practices can overshadow the standard of financial reporting. Thus, greater focus is to be provided to the volatility of the accounting numbers than to audibility of the traditional financial statements. The imbalance between the two is noticed during the fair va lue debate. It has been suggested by Ryan (2008, cited in Humphrey, Loft and Woods, 2009) that the duration of the crisis can be reduced, if the practitioner of the auditing functions are exercising the Financial accounting System appropriately. The auditors seek to develop a firm ability to make a judgment related to the reporting of the fair values. Ryan (2008, cited

Economic Situation Malaysians Attitudes Towards Private Label Brands Marketing Essay

Economic Situation Malaysians Attitudes Towards Private Label Brands Marketing Essay The term of Globalisation is a very common word in business world. Many businessmen are trying hard to market their product to other countries. Globalisation becomes an important issue in the world today and eventually it leads to the increasing number of competitors among retailers by doing trade globally. In order to become an outstanding firm from other retailers, established a competitive advantage is an important criterion for any competitive strategy (Walsh and Mitchell, 2010). Retailers use different methods to achieve competitive advantage. The most important elements of retails branding is private label brands (Glynn and Chen, 2009). According to Levy (2009), it is easy to find out that private label brands available in almost every retail product category and it is one of the competitive strategies that retailers used to achieve competitive advantage. Private label brands have reached another level in the appearance of many products categories such as grocery, household che micals, clothing and cosmetics (Veloutsou et al., 2004). Private label brands can be a crucial component of competitive advantage especially in an economic recession (Walsh and Mitchell, 2010). Economic downturn will lead to the changes in shopping patterns. Private label brands are products that are produced by retailers and sold under the retailers own name through their own retail outlets (Baltas, 1997). Private label brands have grown in many countries and product categories in the last few decades (Connor et al., 1996). According to Lupton et al. (2010), private label brands have established their market in the United Stated and Europe in the past few decades. The consumers tend to perceive private label brands as a substitute or choices to the national brands (Lupton et al., 2010). Private label brands have built their own markets and becoming more popular among the consumers in the world (AC Nielsen, 2006). According to Morris (2002), the most successful retailer has more private label branding strategies and the retailer is normally the stronger firm. Retailers with strong private label brands will have better financial results (Morris, 2002). Malaysia, as a middle income country and one of the most developed in the developing countries, has transformed itself from a producer of raw materials into a multi-sector economy (Economy Watch, 2011). According to Economy Watch (2011), the population of Malaysia is 28.713 Million. In the following year, 2012, population of Malaysia will be 29.20 Million, which is more than the figure in year 2011 (Economy Watch, 2011). The increasing of population in Malaysia will encourage the development of retailing and will boost up the purchasing power of goods. Yelkur (2000) found that the success of private label brands is varied from different nations, such as in the United Kingdom, private label brands have successfully gain a large portion of grocery sales, but in the United States the proportion of purchasing private label brands is relatively low if compare to branded products. Developing countries are being exposed to private label brands and are becoming more aware of their benefits ( Collins and Bone, 2008). According to Collins and Bone (2008), the growth of private label brands in developing countries, such as Malaysia, is still remaining low. Private label brands continue to steadily increase their share in the marketplace. According to A.C. Nielsen (2005), the private label share of refrigerated food is 32%, paper plastic is 31%, frozen food is 25%, cosmetics is 23%, pet food is 21%, health care is 14%, non-Alcoholic beverages is 12%, snack is 9%, personal care is 3% and others. There are few hypermarkets in Malaysia selling their private label product, such as Giant, Carrefour, Tesco and Tesco Extra (A.C. Nielsen, 2010). These hypermarkets provide their private label brands in many product categories. For example, Tesco offers Tesco Finest as their private label brands (Morris, 2004). This Tesco Finest private label brands has include the product category of non-Alcoholic beverages. Morris (2004) mentioned that the strong private label brands in Tesco have became the key elements of Tescos success. Tescos private label brands generate 55% of the total sales in year 2004 (Morris, 2004). Apart than that, even though there is an amount of studies on private label brands, there is no specific research based on the Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. Nowadays, retailers own brand becomes an alternative of consumers. According to Veloutsou et al. (2004), consumers have their own perception on different brand of products, each of the products has its special features or characteristics and it will affect the purchasing behaviour of consumers. Retailers need to understand what are the main factors affecting Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands in order to attract and convince more customers stick to the own brands (Goldsmith et al., 2010). The factors affecting Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands include consumers perceived benefits (Chaniotakis, 2010), price (Walsh and Mitchell, 2010), social influences (Nelson and McLeod, 2005) and economic situation (Chaniotakis, 2010). In a recent study of private label brands (Richardson et al., 1996), some influences such as economic and psychological factors bring the effect to the purchasing rate of private label brands. Malaysian is a country comprises of many races. The three major races in Malaysia are Malay, Chinese, and Indian. Different culture will cause different people have different perception towards private label brands. This research is focusing on the factors affecting Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. The factors that will be look into are consumers perceived benefits, price, social influences and economic situation. Last but not least, it can lead us to have a better understanding toward the issue of private label brands in Malaysia. The Background of Study There are a few previous studies that focusing on the topic of private label brands in many countries, such as a scale for measuring attitude towards private label products and examination of its psychological and behavioural correlates (Burton et al., 1998), an investigation of the new generic consumer (Herstein and Tifferet, 2007), consumer behaviour towards own label monitoring the Greek experience (Boutsouki et al., 2008) and consumers perception of generic products a Mexican study (Yelkur, 2000). The definition of attitudes towards private label brands is a predisposition to respond in a positive way to private label brands and the consumer will purchase the private label brands in a more favourable way. (Burton et al., 1998) The Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) which focusing on the research of attitude-behaviour consistency can explain the positive attitude of consumers who has good perception towards the brands when they are making their decision on purchase. The rate of adoption of private label brands is not the same in all the nations (Veloutsou et al., 2004). According to A.C. Nielsen (2010), the private label brands are still not famous in all Asian markets, but only Hong Kong having a share above 5%. Private label brands of sales increased in a few countries in year 2009 compared to year 2008, but it still remains less than 5%, except of Hong Kong (A.C. Nielsen, 2010). In a recent study of retail and shopper trends, A.C. Nielsen (2010) mentioned that Malaysia has only a share of 2.3% in private label brands, Singapore has only a share of 2.8% and Thailand has a share of 1.8%. The growing of private label brands in Asian markets has to depend on how much the retailers are willing to invest in the private label brands. Retailers have to focus on the development of products and also the quality of products in order to gain a better position in the current market (A.C. Nielsen, 2010). According to the Private Label Manufacturers Association (2010), it showed that 91% of the respondents will still buying private label brands after the economic downturn and they believe that the private label brands are just good and same quality with the branded products. The promotion and packaging of the private label brands is often similar to the branded products (Putsis and Dhar, 2001). Problem Statement According to Hernon and Metoyer-Duran (1993), problem statement must be precise and it contains the need for the study. The problem statement for this research is the factor that will affect Malaysians attitudes on buying branded products or private label brands. There are some researches being conducted to find out the factors that affect the consumers intention to buy private label brands (Walsh and Mitchell, 2010), the attribute that affect the consumers intentions of buying own-label premium food products (Chaniotakis et al., 2010) and consumer attitudes and loyalty towards private brands ( Goldsmith et al., 2010). The globalization of business creates a lot of opportunities to the retailers and it also brings a lot of competitors to them. In this emerging world, establishing a competitive advantage is the main purpose of every competitive strategy while doing the business globally (Walsh and Mitchell, 2010). Some retailers have low store-operating cost, some have efficient supply chain management and some have a large number of loyal customers (Walsh and Mitchell, 2010). Therefore, hypermarkets tend to make some changes in order to attract new customers or to meet their existing customers needs. To become outstanding among all the other competitors, retailers must have some unique products or services to attract more customers. Furthermore, the technology advancement has altered the media habits from the traditional advertising method, such as billboard, to some new advertising techniques, such as product placement, in order to reach younger generation (Nelson and McLeod, 2005). Those hypermarkets required to catch up with all these changes on media habits in order to attract more customers. Besides, due to the advance technologies, people prefer to go online shopping rather than shopping in the hypermarkets. They can purchase anything online through some website, such as amazon.com. This research not only expects that the price will be the major factor that affect Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands, but also some other factors that will bring effect on the attitudes of consumer in Malaysia towards private label brands. Some of the consumers are willing to pay more for a branded product in order to obtain higher quality than paying a less money for a private label brand (Tse, 2001). So, it is very important for this study to find out what are the major factors that determine the attitudes of Malaysian towards private label brands. Objectives of Study The objectives of the research are: To examine the relationship between consumers perceived benefits and Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. To identify the relationship between price and Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. To examine the relationship between social influences and Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. To identify the relationship between economic situation and Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. The Scope of Study In every research, there are independent variables and dependent variable. The dependent variable in this research is Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. The attitude of Malaysian is important as they are contributing the response in this research. The independent variables in this study are consumers perceived benefits, price, social influences and economic situation. The coverage of this research is on Malaysian. This is because there already have a few studies that focusing on other nations but there are no research are doing based on the Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. Besides, Malaysian seems to be likely increased their purchasing rate of private label brands in hypermarkets in these few years. Grocery sales in private label brands in Malaysia are rising. The respondents who participate in this survey are those who used or bought any private label brands before. Only 150 Malaysian will be selected to contribute their response to this research. The author will develop a questionnaire with the different types and forms of questions, such as closed questions and negatively worded questions. By using the method of questionnaires, the attitude of the respondents will be shown. Hence, after finding out the relationship between the major factors and Malaysians attitude towards private label brands, it will give us a better understanding about the current consumer trend of buying private label brands in Malaysia. It helps the retailers to know which of the factor has the major influence on the peoples intentions of purchasing private label brands. Furthermore, the retailers can help them to find out what factors affecting them from losing their market share, so that they can do some analysis based on the results and make some improvement and changes. Respondents can also benefits from this research too. They can broaden their knowledge toward the topic of private label brands. They can also know better about the current market trends and the main factor that determines their attitude towards private label brands. Then, by knowing the factors that affecting Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands, the government can earn more income due to the increasing sell of private label brands. Besides, the government should implement some policy to help the private label brands in order to protect them from the competition of branded and national products. Lastly, it will make contribution to the Malaysias economy because it will help the local retailers to know which factors affecting their customer on choosing private label brands, therefore, they can make slightly changes and it will lead to the increasing number of sales. By the increasing number of sales, it will definitely lead to a rise in GDP. Definition for the Key Terms Attributes Definition Sources Private Label Brands Products that are produced by retailers and sold under the retailers own name through their own retail outlets Baltas (1997) Perceived benefits The degree to which a fulfilment of expectations when choosing private label brands. Veloutsou, Gioulistanis and Moutinho (2004) Price A monetary value when the consumer wants to exchange it with the goods or services provided by the sellers or producers. Nagle and Holden (2002) Social Influences The degree to which learning the skills, knowledge and attitudes relevant for consumption from media, parents and peers. Nelson and Mcleod (2005) Economic Situation The economic conditions that will lead the retailers to enrich the range of private label offerings. Chaniotakis, Lymperopoulos and Soureli (2010) Organization Structure There are total five chapters in this research. The structure of the study is organized as following. Chapter 1 is about the introduction, the author will start by the background of this study. Besides, the author will briefly explain why this research is important, what factors will affect the Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands, history of private label brands, rules and regulations towards private label brands in Malaysia, problem statements, research objectives and contribution of this study. This part will have an overview of the research. Chapter 2 is literature review that discusses the factors that affect the attitudes of Malaysian towards private label brands. In the beginning, the definition of the theory and interest of study are introduces. Then, the author will explain each of the variables that affecting Malaysians attitudes towards private label brands. The author was reviewed the previous study to make the analysis of each variables. Chapter 3 is research methodology. In this part, it describes how the author collects information and finalizes the data. It will also explain what method will be used to conduct this research. The author defines the research framework, develops hypothesis, develops questionnaires, explain how the author undergo pilot study, chooses convenient sampling as the sampling method, and introduces the target size. Furthermore, data collection method and data analysis will be presented. Conclusion This chapter will give us some briefing about this research. Let us know about why this research is important and why this research is needed to be conducted. One of the reasons is that we can know the consumer purchasing trend in the current market after the completion of this research. Then, this study will make a huge contribution to the retailer who are selling or planning to sell private label brands. They can further know about how the consumers think and their attitudes towards private label brands in Malaysia. We can also know which variable has more powerful to affect the Malaysians intention to buy private label brands. This will have an impact on the economy of Malaysia too. Last but not least, we can also have better understanding towards the key terms that affect the Malaysians attitudes on private label brands. Besides, it will give us a clear picture for the structure of this research.

Free Essays - The Excellent Tale of Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

A Farewell to Arms Inspiring    Ernest Hemingway^s A Farewell to Arms captures the inspiring trials and tribulations of a disillusioned man caught between love and war.   Driving an ambulance on the Italian front of World War One Frederick Henry discovers his values as he realizes his love for Catherine Barkley, a innocent English Nurse.    An American Second Lieutenant in the Italian Army^s Ambulance Corps, Frederick Henry is depicted as an average man in search of a set of values.   Initially Frederick is lonely, lustful, confused and restless, but as he becomes involved with Catherine Barkley he finds his niche, and a meaning to life. Frederick can be considered heroic in that he is honorable, not interested in material commodities, and puts his fellow soldier before himself.   When the entire mess hall teases the priest Frederick defends him and is his only true friend.   Also, when offered an award, Frederick refuses.   Additionally, when he and the other drivers were bombed, he ignores his own injuries to assist the others and insists that the doctors treat others before himself.   Catherine Barkley is a young English nurse who has already lost a fianc to the war and is introduced as partially crazy.   She begins her relationship with Frederick pretending, he is her lost fianc who has returned, but soon falls!   in love with him and regains her sanity.   Throughout the story Catherine remains static, and represents the ideal Hemingway character that Frederick is to become as the novel comes to an end.    The basic plot of the novel revolves around Frederick^s relationship with Catherine.   Frederick experiences the war in the Italian Alps and sustains a leg injury that hospitalizes him for several months.   Although he knew Catherine before his hospitalization, their relationship blossoms during this period when he is away from the front.   Soon after his return to the front, there is a huge retreat and he takes his ambulance crew on a back road to get around traffic.   When he finally does make it back to the army he is forced to desert in fear of execution.   He finds Catherine and they begin a new life together in Switzerland.   Ultimately, Frederick learns his basic values through Catherine in their adventures of love, war, and death during World War One.   The theme shown is that love can come from even the strangest places, also there is a basic good versus evil shown by the dramatic tragedy at the end.    A Farewell to Arms is a very emotional and understanding story.   Throughout the book Frederick acted as a confused hero

Italian wines (viticulture) Essay

The purpose of this paper is to critically review and understand the science of grapes, the process of growing them, maintenance of the vines, harvesting and extracting wine from these grapes (viticulture) especially in Italy. Bottling, storage and transportation of wine are also critical factors to ensure that wine gets to the target consumers in the right manner with the desired taste and aroma. Italy is one of the major wine producers in the world accounting for about 25% of the world’s total production. Introduction Viticulture was introduced in Italy around 800 B. C by the Greeks. The Romans defeated the Greeks during the battle of Carthage and immediately started growing grapes all over Italy. At that time most of the farms were planted with grapes to an extent that the production of foods crops had drastically reduced and the Emperor of that time ordered mass destruction of vineyards so that foods crops could be grown instead. The fast expansion of the Roman Empire led to introduction of viticulture to their conquered lands which include the present day France and Spain. The wines produced in Italy during these ancient times had more alcohol content than the wines in the modern times. Discussion Wine taking in Italy dates back to time before the time of Jesus Christ and was an indispensable way of Italian life. In the ancient times wine was used in churches and other religious places. For this reason grapes were grown practically every where in Italy making it the largest wine producer in ancient and modern times. Large scale growth of vines started when the Romans defeated Greeks and drove them from Italy. Under the Roman law viticulture was not allowed to be introduced to other countries and provinces at the beginning. When grapes were harvested, the Romans exchanged them for slaves who were to work in the vine yards to boost grape production. A variety of grapes have been widely cultivated in Italy since the ancient which led to production of a variety of wines. These varieties either produce red or white wine depending on the process they are exposed to. Red wine is made using the grape fruit as a whole including the skin and seeds while in making the white wine the skin and the seeds are removed. Viticulture in Italy is greatly enhanced by soils rich in calcium and carbonate, the warm and relatively dry conditions. For a long time Italy has been recognized for producing high quality wine which is available at relatively affordable prices than wine from other producing countries making Italian wines a favorite to many. Wineries in this country are now growing their own grapes rather than buying from small scale farmers ensuring production of high quality wine. This enables them to plan the vine yards accordingly and also make sure that the grapes mature well so that production of quality wine is easily achieved. By establishing their own vine yards the wineries were assured of better quality wine because they adopted new farming and harvesting techniques maintaining the right concentration of sugars and aroma. Mature grapes are either picked manually or by use of machines in relatively dry weathers which are the best during harvest and then transported to the wineries. In the wineries the grapes are crushed when they are either having the seeds and the outer skin or not resulting to red and white wine respectively. The juice mixture is left for sometime ranging from a few hours to several weeks after which the juice is squeezed out leaving the other residual behind. The wine yeast is added to enhance fermentation with temperatures being maintained constant for a period of about seven days. The wine is then put in casks or barrels for the aging process after which filtration is done followed by pasteurization and then bottling. New varieties of grape vines resistant to pests are being introduced in Italy to ensure continuous wine production. In the last few centuries Italy introduced modern techniques in wineries for longer preservation of wine in order to curb competition from France and Spain. The management of the wine industry was nationalized and the number of grape varieties reduced to concentrate on varieties that could be grown in most regions. The government certified most of the wine varieties raising the quality of the wine industry and assuring the consumers that Italian wine was of good quality. Conclusion Viticulture has been a very vital industry in Italy since the ancient times and has tried to maintain this reputation. Advanced propagation, soil management, protection of grape vine techniques and biodynamic viticulture in Italy are some of the key factors as to why Italy leads other countries in wine production. In Italy wine should not be bottled if it not inspected and approved making sure that the wine is of high quality. Though there have been several challenges including competition and economic challenges this country has remained the largest producer of wine in the world and they are also introducing more measure to maintain this position. It is evident that a lot remains to be done to ensure that Italian wines remain the number one to consumers. References Ronald, J. Wine Science: Principles and Applications. 3rd Edition. Academic Press, 2008. Tenney, F. An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Pageant Books, 1959. Tim, U. Wine and the Vine: A Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade. 2nd Edition. Routledge, 1996. Peregrine, H. Nicholas, P. The Corrupting Sea: a study of Mediterranean history. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.

Aristotles opinions on Democracy essays

Aristotle's opinions on Democracy essays Aristotle, in pondering the study of the state, first decides to break down the state into its component parts: the family unit. The family is the association established by nature for the supply of mans everyday wants (1253a, 12). Uniting several families aims at more than just the daily needs of one family and this creates a village. Several villages when combined equal a state. The family unit is a patriarchal unit in which the man of the house is the natural leader. These earlier forms of society are natural and therefore the state is natural; it is the end of them and a nature is somethings end (13). The household is a patriarchal environment where the man is the sovereign, ruling over the women, children, and slaves. Aristotle comments For that some should rule and others be ruled is a thing not only necessary, but expedient; from the hour of their birth some are marked out for subjection and others for rule. This antidemocratic sentiment would lead people to believe that Aristotle supports monarchal or oligarchic versus democratic ideals. He continues to use the family unit as an analogy for society. Within each family unit is the master male figure that rules over the wife, both rule over the children and all rule over the slaves. He theorizes that the Father has a royal rule over the slaves and a royal rule over the children. He then says the man rules the woman constitutionally (an almost democratic thought) and with some exceptions, the male is naturally fitter for command then the female. He claims the rule works like this: the nature of citizens is equal, but whe n one rules over another a difference is created in the forms of names and titles of respect (1259b, 5). Aristotles position on the equality of women and men is confusing; he goes back and forth saying the woman is weaker and less fit for rule but then comparing their relationship to that of equa...

the law essays

the law essays Recently I read an article about the Heavens Gate Cult, and I wondered why on earth would someone get involved in a cult whose purpose seemed so ridiculous. I decided to do some research to find out a little more about cults. I found out that cults are really not all that uncommon, and that almost anyone can fall victim to a cult. Most people do not set out to join a cult. They get involved with a group of interesting people. These groups usually promise to fulfill a persons individual needs or to compensate for societies failures. The leaders of these cults usually promise to have all the answers to whatever problems these people have. These groups become cults when they are seen as misleading, dangerous, or they oppose the basic values of society. Usually people get involved with cults when they are at a vulnerable period in their lives. People who are at a transitional period in their lives, like people who recently lost a job, or someone who just moved to a new area may be at ris k. Another reason why people get involved with these groups could be that they are unsatisfied with their religion, their education, or their social lives. The cult seems to fill the void of whatever is missing in a persons life. People find instant friendships and a plan for every day life. Most people recruited into cults; are recruited by people who they feel they can trust. Family, friends, neighbors, co-workers or teachers do the recruiting. Recruitment often takes place in familiar places like school, home, work, churches, workshops, or as in the case of Heavens Gate over the Internet. People dont feel like they are getting involved in a cult instead they feel like they are joining the crowd. Cult leaders offer simple answers to the complex problems of everyday living. They claim to know a simple path to happiness, and success. People who follow these simple rules and simple lifestyles will be on this path. Cult leaders g...

A Communication Media Approach towards Marketing Essay

A Communication Media Approach towards Marketing - Essay Example From this study it is clear that most often the already existing patients constitute an accessible potential for generating additional business. Email newsletters not only allow the healthcare organizations to stay frequently in touch with their customers, but also allow them to keep their customers continually apprised of the availability of new procedures, latest developments taking place in specific fields and specialties, important events, available equipments and varied helpful promotional activities. The already existing patients are often more likely to subscribe to the additional services offered by a healthcare organization, provided they take the care to inform them and communicate with them. Hence, email newsletters are a great means of sharing ideas with the customers.This paper declares that email newsletters are an effective means of communication between the customers and healthcare services providers. They not only prove to be cost effective and efficient in the long run, but allow the service providers to customize their marketing approach, while taking into consideration the health records of the existing customers, available with them. They also allow the service providers to provide links to their central website, which can be used by the customers to access additional information and reassurances if and when required by them.  In an E-commerce approach to healthcare marketing, it is essential to seek and retain customer confidence,... They can choose to subscribe to the newsletters published by the healthcare organizations by simply sharing their email address and ticking the box provided on the websites or the regular paperwork of these organizations (Blumberg, 2005). Anytime, the customers can unsubscribe these newsletters by visiting the oft provided link (Blumberg, 2005). So email newsletters allow the patients to access information, as and when they want. Effectiveness Email newsletters are an effective means of communication between the customers and healthcare services providers. They not only prove to be cost effective and efficient in the long run, but allow the service providers to customize their marketing approach, while taking into consideration the health records of the existing customers, available with them. They also allow the service providers to provide links to their central website, which can be used by the customers to access additional information and reassurances if and when required by the m (Blumberg, 2005). Confidentiality However, care needs to be taken to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the customers while using email newsletters to communicate with them. In an E-commerce approach to healthcare marketing, it is essential to seek and retain customer confidence (McFadyen, 2008). Any inability to safeguard customer confidentiality and privacy may lead to repercussions that may prove to be counterproductive to the business interests of an organization in the long run. It’s Different The suggested mode of conducting marketing communication differs in many ways to the other modes of communication. First and foremost it is quick and cost efficient. Besides, to a great extent it takes the customer consent and preferences into

Progressive Era Through the Great Depression Assignment

Progressive Era Through the Great Depression - Assignment Example Most of the urban towns were transformed into rural cities, and large number of people migrated to metropolitan areas to obtain higher standards of living. Many new immigrants poured in from other countries with diverse cultures and traditions (Jaycox 2005). While the progressive era was significant for the economic growth, the late 1920s marked an era of economic depression. This economic decline was the worst in the history; it spread all over the world after its origin in the United States. The prices declined drastically with considerable increase in unemployment rate. Such was the influence of this economic downfall that October 29, 1929, the day that marked the beginning of this devastating collapse, was named as Black Tuesday. Although many events took place during the period under discussion, two events can be considered as major historic turning points with a great influence on the America’s current society, economy, politics, and culture. The changes in the American foreign policy and large flow of immigrants from other nations proved to be major turning points in the progressive era through economic depression. (Jaycox 2005) American Foreign Policy and New Immigrants Prior to 1890, America followed the ideology of isolationism, and relations with the other nations were limited. The American government mostly focused on its own development and had a negligible interest in the foreign affairs. This trend, however, changed after 1890 when government policy makers adopted a more global approach and America began to influence the world affairs. This encouragement was partly due to a fact that many circumstances had changed over the years. America had evolved into an industrial juggernaut, and opening a foreign front helped the businessmen to approach the international market. Soon, the national goods were distributed around the globe, which played a major role in the economic development, global influence, and American transition into a superpower. Similarly, the flow of immigrants during this period had a great impact on the social structure of the country. This intake from diverse cultures helped formation of a multicultural environment that attracted skilled labor from around the globe. Therefore, these immigrants initially provided the unskilled labor as most of them were from poor families, but the very their presence cultivated the ground for the future intake of the more skilled immigrants who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the country. (Jaycox 2005) Women’s Right to Vote A campaign for woman suffrage in the United States is one of the highlighted events during the period under discussion. Although most of the women received their rights to vote by 1920, the western states were more liberal than the northeastern and southern states in granting women their desired rights. Few reasons can be speculated for women’s liberty in the west. First of all, women in the frontier were given more status than household articles. Many speculate that this was a result of a distinct frontier democracy or more liberal approach of the western men. But the efforts of women associations in the west were one of the important differences that can explain why women received the right to vote much earlier in the west as compared to the other states. American-Spanish War Tensions built up between Spain and the United States over the Cuban rule by the end of 19th century. America had concerns over Spanish colonization in the surrounding regions, and the incidence

An Autoinhibitory Domain Confers Redox Regulation to Maize Glycerate Essay

An Autoinhibitory Domain Confers Redox Regulation to Maize Glycerate Kinase - Essay Example In assessing the in vivo activity of GLYK, GLYK activity was found to be low in the absence of 1, 4-dithio-DL-threitol (DTT), which cleaves disulfide bonds, but high in the presence of it. It needs light to function, as well. Next, 6 maize Trx genes were found from maize genome using sorghum Trx. The two type f Trx genes activated maize GLYK the most. Finally, in comparing maize GLYK to C3 plants, the Km of former was found to be similar to that of other plants in reducing conditions, but was only a third when DTT or Trx was absent. In addition, maize GLYK is longer, having a C-terminal extension of seven amino acids, including 2 Cys residues that form a disulfide bond Overall, the research was able to identify the molecular mechanism of maize GLYK regulation, which is the disulfide bond at the C-terminal extension. However, the authors were mistaken when they said in the text that it is the Km, which is similar among the plants. They would have been more correct if they said it was Vmax, as table I suggests. In addition, it would have been better if the writers said that the values being compared are not significantly different from each other, because, in contrast to the text, they are not similar as

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay I am going to look at chapter 8 of Great Expectations. There are four main characters in this chapter. They are Pumblechook, Pips , Miss Havisham and Estella. The story begins when a poor orphan boy known as Pips, visits a strange old lady named Miss Havisham to play with a girl called Estella of his own age. Miss Havishams family is a very high-class family. The story I will be looking at next is called The Darkness Out There. There are three main characters in Penelope Livelys short story. They are: Mrs Rutter, Sandra and Kerry. The story is about a teenage girl who as part of the school Good Neighbours Club visits an old lady in her cottage and meets a boy her own age on the way there. The story is based on the memories of the old lady about the Second World War, which she narrates to the two teenagers. In Great Expectations Uncle Pumblechook is portrayed as if he is a pompous, self-important man. He tries to behave as a teacher, and uses every situation to teach Pip something. He is very interested in maths and keen to teach Pip And fourteen. Uncle Pumblechook is a poor, low class person but he attempts to show that he is a rich, valued and well respected member of society. He gets upset by Estella when she talked to him in an unnegotiable way and insulted his dignity. She said it so finally, and in such an undiscussible way, that Mr Pumblechook, though in a condition of ruffled dignity, couldnt protest. His pomposity has well and truly been put in its place by a child. Pip is the one who is telling the story; the narrator. It is easy for the author, Charles Dickens to show us what Pip is like. His role as narrator helps to reflect the thoughts and feelings of the author through Pip. Especially as Pip is thought to be based on the character of Dickens himself when he was a boy. Pip is treated with carelessness and little respect as suits his low social class. He attempts to show that he is an important person, well behaved and well brought up but Miss Havisham and Estella respond to him in a negative way making him feel rejected turn him down. Dont be ridiculous boy. Pips feelings were really hurt and dashed by Miss Havishams attitude and by Estella as well. Though she called me boy so often, and with a carelessness that was far from complimentary. But Pip resisted and tried not to be influenced by their attitudes. He was firm and stable and tried to control his emotions, which show us that he is a very patient and mature for his young age. Miss Havisham is described the first time she appears in the story as a strange, rich old lady who wants to seek revenge from all men. Pip is afraid of her but as the time pass, he gets used to her. Pip describes her as a skeleton, which not only describes her thinness but also shows how scared and surprised he is of this strange lady; the likes of which he has never met before. Miss Havisham always wears her wedding dress with bridal flowers in her hair and bright jewels, which sparkled, on her neck. This seemed very strange and shocking to Pip and to the readers: I think I should like to go home. As well as her strange clothes, Miss Havisham also makes strange remarks, which tell us about her state of mind. She asks Pip a very strange question, in a threatening way. You are not afraid of a woman who has never seen the sun since you were born? She replies in a intimidating manner to her own question. What do I touch? Your heart, Broken. She signals these horrible remarks because of the blackest moment of her life, when her fianci didnt turn up for the wedding. Thats way she still wears her wedding dress in memory of the scandal she faced being deserted at the alter. Therefore she wants to revenge herself on all men, by breaking mens hearts. Unfortunately her latest victim is not a man. He is a young orphan boy who is still enjoying his childhood. Estella is very rude to Pip. She treats him as if he is her servant. Why? he is a common labouring boy. She criticises his appearance and tries to lower his value as a human being. And what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots. Pip responds in a mature way and describes her as a beautiful girl who has great dignity. I think she is very proud, He adds to that. I think she is very pretty. But he never forgot to retaliate to his loss of dignity, by describing her as a rude girl. I think she is very insulting. We know immediately from this that Pip is attracted to her. That she is rude and insulting is obvious from every word she says. Estella means a star in Latin and her name reflects her characteristics such as great dignity and pomposity, which a star represents. She shows her cruelty to Pip by insulting him, humiliating him and by treating him as if he is a slave who belongs to her. You are to wait here, you boy. As a result of the humiliation and remarks made by Estella and Miss Havisham, we notice that Pips view of himself changed as a result of the visit. I took the opportunity of being alone in the court-yard, to look at my coarse hands and my common boots. My opinion of those accessories was not favourable. They had never troubled me before, but they troubled me now, as vulgar appendages. This visit had a big influence of the way Pip looks at himself; maybe they succeeded in breaking his heart and achieved their aim. In The Darkness out There Penelope Livelys way of telling the story is different from that of Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations Dickens uses the first person narrative to tell the reader the story. He tells the story as if he was one of the characters. The narrative unfolds through the eyes of Pip. In The Darkness out There, Penelope Lively uses third person narrative. She tells the story from different points of view, and through different characters. She thus portrays a clear image of the scene in the readers mind, and makes the reader imagine and feel the situation, as if the reader is a part of the story. The purpose of Sandra and Kerrys visit to Mrs Rutters cottage is because both are members of a good neighbors club and their job is to go to the elderly to help them and look after them. The narrative opens by observing Sandra from the outside by describing her actions and giving a clear image of Sandras attitude. She would walk like this through the silken grass with the wind seething the corn and the secret invisible life of birds beside her in the hedge The observation of Sandra from outside and the way the writer describes her makes the reader feels as if he or she knows Sandra or has met her before. She also tells us what Sandra is thinking. She would fall in love and she would get a good job and she would have one of those new singers that do ziz-zag stitch and make an embroidered like coat. The way the writer observes Sandra from inside is aimed to show her characteristics, and attitude and her behavior. This draws a clear image in the readers mind of who is Sandra, and what her personality is like. Although the story is written in the third person, at the start we view events from Sandras point of view. There are three characters in The Darkness out There, but it is mainly concerned with the experience of the old lady Mrs Rutter. The writer focuses on Sandra and she tells us about the other two characters from her perspective. The writer speaks on behalf of Sandra. There are many examples where the writer shows us directly the thoughts going on in Sandras mind. For example: You didnt go by yourself through Packers end if you could help it. She thought of oily workshop floor: of the fetid underside of cars. This shows the reader what Sandra first thought about Kerry, based on first impressions. Sandra meets Kerry while she is going to Mrs Rutter, she was shocked and scared by Kerry, but he thought that she saw him. The impression we get of Kerry is through how Sandra sees him: Kerry Stevens, you stupid so and so and do that for , you give me the fright of my life. We also get the impression that Kerry is quite a talkative person and volunteered to speak about his personal life and his future which Sandra is not interested in and looks down upon as she is planning to become a secretary. The impression Sandra gives of him when he jumps out from behind the hedge is that he doesnt add up too much. Sandra thinks of him as a stupid and childish person because he scared her and his ambitions only stretch to him becoming a mechanic. However, Kerry Stevens is confident and sure of himself with Mrs Rutter. He answers her questions about school proudly and confidently and replies by saying he is leaving the school in July and will have a job in the garage. Unlike Sandra Kerry doesnt seem to like Mrs Rutter: I dont go much on her As soon as he hears her story about the airman, he gets shocked and feel sorry for the pilot. The boy said, I am not going near that old bitch again, He leaned against the gate, clenching his fists on an iron rung, he shook slightly, I wont ever forget him, that poor sod He feels disgusted and upset about what Mrs Rutter done, when she let a German pilot who was shot down, die because of lack of water and food. Out of revenge respond to his call when he screamed for help and left him to die without showing any sign of mercy or compassion. We learn about Kerrys character from his own words. Like Charles Dickens, Penelope Lively uses direct speech to establish a character. Sandras initial impression of Kerry was wrong. He had a sixth sense about Mrs Rutter and was a better person than she first thought. She made the mistake of judging by appearances. A mistake she was to repeat with the old lady. Mrs Rutter is introduced as a kindly old lady who seemed composed of circles, a cottage loaf of a women, with a face below which chins collapsed one into another, a creamy smiling pool of a face in which her eyes snapped and darted. However, this soon changes when she tells Kerry and Sandra the story of the German airman who died at Packers End and how she left him to die in front of her without or trying to save him. What is really disturbing about the way she tells the story is that she doesnt regret what she done and she doesnt show any sympathy to the dead pilot: I thought , oh no, you had this coming to you, mate, theres a war on (p. 63) Mrs Rutter acted out of revenge as her young husband had been killed in the war by Germans. But after all these years, she still had no feelings of regret and remorse and is portrayed as a lonely and bitter woman. Penelope Lively also gives an indication of characterisation through her description of the setting. Sandras light-weight and frivolous personality is signalled by the summer flowers of ox eye daisies and vetch and cow parsley ? And the dark side of Mrs Rutter is hinted at by Packers End with light suddenly shutting off the bare wide sky of the field!