How Can We Help Promote tourism in Malaysia Essay

Malaysia has been visited by thousands of tourist from all over the world every year. But tourism in Malaysia can be further developed by promoting many aspects that the country has. Malaysia is a land that has been bestowed with greenery, mountains, beaches and rivers. Its natural landscape itself is a great attraction for foreigners. The sandy beaches in Penang Island, Port Dickson and Morib are holiday retreats for Westerners who are deprived of the sun and sea due to the cold weather in their countries. The wind whispering through the tall shady casuarinas and lapping sea waves are ideal places for visitors in search of peace and tranquility. There are natural places which have special attractions for the foreigners to look and enjoy. The Kuala Selangor fireflies is a must to visit. The fireflies in Kuala Selangor are the largest colony in the world. Visitors have to take a boat ride in late evenings to see the fireflies, which lit up the trees in the dark. The nocturnal tours in the boats would be a unique experience for any traveler. This unique attraction can be highlighted in the brochures and the websites in the Internet. World- class theme parks like the Sunway Lagoon and Mines Wonderland must be highlighted also. The Sunway Lagoon, which was once a tin mine, has been transformed into a recreational park. There are also five-star hotels in these places where visitors could enjoy their stay there. Kuala Lumpur the capital city is the ideal place to shop because it promises variety , value and convenience all in one place. Malaysian items like pewter and batik can be found at various places for different levels of budget. Names of places and malls so that the visitors have and idea where to go for shopping for certain items. All these aspects can be highlighted in the media especially in the Internet so that visitors can get the right information about Malaysia and would want to visit our country.

Death and Absurdism in Camus’s The Stranger Essay

In his novel The Stranger1, Albert Camus gives expression to his philosophy of the absurd. The novel is a first-person account of the life of M. Meursault from the time of his mother’s death up to a time evidently just before his execution for the murder of an Arab. The central theme is that the significance of human life is understood only in light of mortality, or the fact of death; and in showing Meursault’s consciousness change through the course of events, Camus shows how facing the possibility of death does have an effect on one’s perception of life. The novel begins with the death of Meursault’s mother. Although he attends the funeral, he does not request to see the body, though he finds it interesting to think about the effects of heat and humidity on the rate of a body’s decay (8). It is evident that he is almost totally unaffected by his mother’s death – nothing changes in his life. In other words, her death has little or no real significance for him. When he hears Salamano, a neighbor, weeping over his lost dog (which has evidently died), Meursault thinks of his mother – but he is unaware of the association his mind has made. In fact, he chooses not to dwell on the matter but goes to sleep instead (50). It is when he is on the beach with Raymond Sintà ¨s and M. Masson and they confront two Arabs (who have given Raymond trouble) that Meursault first seems to think about the insignificance of any action – therefore of human existence. He has a gun and it occurs to him that he could shoot or not shoot and that it would come to the same thing (72). The loss of a life would have no significance – no affect on life as a whole; and the universe itself is apparently totally indifferent to everything. Here he implicitly denies the existence of God, and thus denies morality, as well as the â€Å"external† meaning (if it may be so distinguished from the internal or individual existential meaning) of life and dea th. (This latter, existential meaning is later affirmed, as we shall see.) Meursault kills one of the Arabs in a moment of confusion, partially out of self-defense, but does not regret it eve though it means going to prison and, ultimately, being executed. He has the fatalistic feeling that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"what’s done is done,† and later explains that he has never regretted anything because he has always been to absorbed by the present moment or by the immediate future to dwell on the past (127). In a sense, Meursault is always aware of the meaninglessness of all endeavors in the face of death: he has no ambition to advance socio-economically; he is indifferent about being friends with Raymond and about marrying Marie; etc. But this awareness is somehow never intense enough to involve self-awareness – that is, he never reflects on the meaning of death for him – until he is in prison awaiting execution. Of course, the â€Å"meaning† of another’s death is quite difference from the â€Å"meaning† of one’s own death. With the former, one no longer sees that person again; with the latter, one’s very consciousness, as far as we know, just ends – blit! – as a television picture ends when the set is switched off. Death marks all things equal, and equally absurd. And death itself is absurd in the sense that reason or the rational mind cannot deal with it: it is a foregone conclusion, yet it remains an unrealized possibility until some indeterminate future time. The â€Å"meaning† of death is not rational but, again, is existential – its implications are to be found not in abstraction but in the actuality of one’s life, the finality of each moment. Before his trial, Meursault passes the time in prison by sleeping, by reading over and over the newspaper story about the (unrelated) murder of a Czech, and by recreating a ment al picture of his room at home in complete detail, down to the scratches in the furniture. In this connection, it must be admitted that he is externally very sensitive and aware, despite his lack of self-understanding and emotional response. This is evidence by his detailed descriptions. He is especially sensitive to natural beauty – the beach, the glistening water, the shade, the reed music, swimming, making love to Marie, the evening hour he like so much, etc. He even says that if forced to live in a hollow tree truck, he would be content to watch the sky, passing birds, and clouds (95). After his trial (in which he is sentenced to be executed), he no longer indulges in his memories or passes the time in the frivolous way he was accustomed to spend Sundays at home. At first, he dwells on thoughts of escape. He cannot reconcile the contingency of his sentence (Why guilt? Why sentenced by a French court rather than a Chinese one? Why was the verdict read at eight pm rather than at five? etc.) with the mechanical certainty of  the process that leads inevitably to his death (137). When he gives up trying to find a loophole, he finds his mind ever returning either to the fear that dawn would bring the guards who would lead him to be executed, or to the hope that his appear will be granted. To try to distract himself from these thoughts, he forces himself to study the sky or to listen to the beating of his heart – but the changing light reminds him of the passing of time towards dawn, and he cannot imagine his heart ever stopping. In dwelling on the chance of an appeal, he is forced to consider the possibility of denial and thus of execution; therefore, he must face the fact of his death – whether it comes now or later. One he really, honestly admits death’s inevitability, he allows himself to consider the chance of a successful appeal – of being set free to live perhaps forth more y ears before dying. Now he begins to see the value of each moment of the life before death. Because of death, nothing matters – except being alive. The meaning, value, significance of life is only seen in light of death, yet most people miss it through the denial of death. The hope of longer life brings Meursault great joy. Perhaps to end the maddening uncertainty and thus intensify his awareness of death’s inevitability (therefore of the actuality of life), or, less likely, as a gesture of hopelessness, Meursault turns down his right to appeal (144). Soon afterwards, the prison chaplain insists on talking to him. Meursault admits his fear but denies despair and has no interest in the chaplain’s belie in an afterlife. He flies into rage, finally, at the chaplain’s persistence, for he realizes that the chaplain has not adequately assessed the human condition (death being the end of life) – or, if he has, the chaplain’s certainties have no meaning for Meursault and have not the real value of, say, a strand of a woman’s hair (151). Meursault, on the other hand, is absolutely certain about his own life and forthcoming death. His rush of anger cleanses him and empties him of hope, thus allowing him finally to open up — completely and for the last time — to the â€Å"benign indifference of the universe† (154). He realizes that he always been happy. The idea of death makes one aware of one’s life, one’s vital being – that which is impermanent and will one day end. When this vitality is appreciate, one feels free – for there is no urgency to perform some act that will cancel the possibility of death, seeing as though there is no such act. In this sense, all human activity is absurd, and the real freedom is to be aware of life in its actually and totally, of its beauty and its pain. Albert Camus’ The Stranger What if the past has no meaning and the only point in time of our life that really matters is that point which is happening at present. To make matters worse, when life is over, the existence is also over; the hope of some sort of salvation from a God is pointless. Albert Camus illustrates this exact view in The Stranger. Camus feels that one exists only in the world physically and therefore the presence or absence of meaning in one’s life is alone revealed through that event which he or she is experiencing at a particular moment. These thoughts are presented through Meursault, a man devoid of concern for social conventions found in the world in which he lives, and who finds his life deprived of physical pleasure–which he deems quite important–when unexpectedly put in prison. The opening line of the novel sets the tone for Meursault’s dispassion towards most things. The novel is introduced with the words: â€Å"Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don’t know† (3). Although the uncertainty originates with an ambiguous telegram, it seems that the ton†¦ †¦ middle of paper †¦ †¦ or their emotions in general. He does not follow ‘conventional’ social beliefs nor does he believe in God, nor salvation. Meursault however loves his life. It is a pure love derived from enjoying his existence on a day-to-day basis, rarely looking back and never looking forward. His love is not dependent on doing what society or some religion has deemed correct, but on what he feels he wants to do despite what most would consider common. In Albert Camus’ â€Å"The Stranger† the â€Å"story of an ordinary man who gets drawn into a senseless murder† is told. Taking place in Algeria this man, Meursault, is constantly in a climate of extreme warmth, as are all the inhabitants therein. The sun, the source of light and the cause of this warmth, is thus a vital and normal part of his life. It brings warmth and comfort yet it can also cause pain and sickness. Throughout most of his life Meursault has lived with the conflicting forces of the sun and light, as a friend and foe. However in Chapter 6 these forces become unbalanced and the sun becomes an aggressor causing Meurault physical pain and jolting him into violent action. Although the sun becomes increasingly aggressive as the novel transpires, in the beginning its forces were balanced causing some good and some bad effects. The most evidence of the sun as a foe is found during Meursault’s mother’s wake and funeral. During the wake Meursault is constantly â€Å"blinded† by the bright light. This combined with â€Å"the whiteness of the room† â€Å"[makes his] eyes hurt.† However, this same light also creates a â€Å"glare on the white walls†¦.making [him] drowsy† and allowing him respite from the knowledge of his mother’s death. So, all at once light was good as well as bad for Meursault. Again, during the funeral â€Å"with the sun bearing down† the heat was â€Å"inhuman and oppressive,† causing Meursault great physical discomfort. Yet, in the same token, the heat is also â€Å"making it hard for [Meursault] to †¦think straight† thereby allowing him an escape from his mo ther’s death. Not all of the sun’s effects have a flip side however; throughout the novel â€Å"the sun [does Meursault] a lot of good,† by warming him and making him feel alive. Thus, although both positive and negative situations come from the†¦ Work Cited Camus, Albert. The Stranger. Trans. Matthew Ward. New York: Vintage International, 1989.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework - Assignment Example The article is an epitome of how theoretical framework supports conceptual framework when conducting a qualitative research. The author uses conceptual framework to explore and exhibit the correlation between variables in his study. This is particularly evident in his ethnographic approach in conducting the qualitative analysis. The author’s choice for conceptual framework for the study was particularly appropriate because it provides the means to explore specific relationship between study variables. The conceptual framework enables the author of the article to develop a crucial concept that allows him to incorporate essentials fields in his study. Employee involvement is one of the major success or failure determinants in any organization, public or private (Berman et al., 2009).The success of public offices revolves around the empowerment of employees and how well this power is oriented towards attaining the goals and objectives of the organization. Employee involvement ref ers to the process of authorizing employees to participate actively in the decision-making process of the organization and improving organizational processes within their scope (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano & Dennison, 2003). Employee involvement greatly influence hiring and promotion process in Public Agencies by ensuring that the agencies only employ people who are fit to hold vacant position. Employees can be used as referrals during recruitment

Creating a Bankruptcy Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating a Bankruptcy Plan - Essay Example assets and liabilities, a liquidation plan of reorganization stating the financial benefits for creditors, and approval of the plan by the company creditors. Within 20 days after filing, debtor meets the appointed bankruptcy trustee to discuss details of the reorganization plan. Within 30 to 45 days after filing, debtor meets creditors in a meeting presided over by trustee to agree on the payment plan proposed by debtor. Discussions, approval, or rejections by the creditors on the disclosure statement, proposed payment plan and analysis of the liquidation plan should be finalized not more than 120 days after filing. When the plan is approved, the debtor is discharged from any debt that arose before confirmation. After confirmation of plan, debtor is required to make payments as stated in the reorganization. A new contractual right replaces the pre-bankruptcy contracts. (Chapter 11) is â€Å"when one is unable to pay his debts any more. The bankruptcy law gives a person who is burdened with debts to have a new start by wiping out his/her debts.†(Maller-Barnes-Bowers-Langvardt, Chap. 20) A debtor is not given a discharge if he has not paid debts for taxes and debts related to committed crimes. or if there are â€Å"debts covered by a waiver of discharge executed by the debtor and approved by the court. An order of discharge cannot also be given to a debtor who has a judicial order to pay domestic support obligations unless he can certify that he is up to date in payments. (Mallor-Barnes-Bowers-Langvardt, Chap. 20) A debtor who has a confirmed plan for reorganization is allowed to request for modification of the plan anytime after its confirmation. According to Chapter 11 Bankruptcy code, modification is allowed if he/she has met some requirements of the Bankruptcy Code. This request will require the creditors’ consensus and approval of the court. Flynn, E, Bermant, G. and Burke, Virginia (2000). â€Å"Bankruptcy by the Numbers†. Executive Office for the

Hospital's Organization Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospital's Organization Process - Assignment Example It is in this regard that the basic principle of hospital functionality is to offer the best to the demanders of health. A process-based hospital is efficient in reducing costs of operation and in offering health care to the masses. A hospital’s organization process is diverse and dynamic over time. Hospitals do not retain the same process-based procedures over the years. Changes in the health industry necessitate changes in the organizational processes in hospitals. Innovations and advancement of health-related technology characterizes the health sector, thus the need to keep pace with such changes. A number of typical processes in the context of hospital operations and organization can be identified. To start with, the primary role of hospitals is to provide health care to patients. In this regard, the first organization process can be identified as that of providing and managing care for inpatients. Hospitals address all health issues that characterize inpatients. Different units of the variant health complications are established, where each unit is specifically charged with a duty to address a specific health complication. Ambulatory care is another crucial aspect of a hospital’s organizational process. ... Another observed organization process is that of revenue cycle processes. As much as hospitals strive to provide quality health care to patients, it is important to outline the cost-revenue aspect of the hospital. Hospitals should remain functional over a long period of time, given that the cost of hospital establishment is ultimately large (Nowinski & Mullner, 2006). Finally, another common process is that of providing support. The support process evaluates the current operation efficiency of the hospital, and makes future projections on the achievements of the hospital. This process brings together all the departments in the hospital and makes an analysis of the present situation. It then defines the relationship characteristic of these departments in assessing whether each department meets its purpose in the operations of the hospital. Quality assurance and the Legal department are crucial to any hospital setting. The quality assurance department is set in place in order to assess how well the hospital meets the expectations of the customers, who are in this case the patients. The department evaluates the design of service delivery, development of the hospital functionality, health care production efficiency and service delivery in the hospital. Prior to its pre-set goals and objectives, quality assurance department plans for the overall operations of the hospital. The hospital has objectives and goals to achieve. These results are realized through the activities of the quality assurance department. The department goes ahead and implements the plans, after which it consistently monitors the hospital performance in the context of the desired results. From time to time, the

Postcolonial Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Postcolonial Development - Essay Example Development theories attempt to explain the changes in societies and to provide the tools that can be applied to societies to move them to a better situation or one that is thought to be a better situation. Development has always had an economic connotation, as the Gross National Product (GNP) of the country has been historically used as a measure for growth and development. During the 1950s and 1960s, development initiatives assumed that the "successful methods, techniques, and ways of solving problems and delivering services in the U.S. or other economically advanced countries would prove equally successful in the developing nations." [Rondinelli, Dennis A. et al] So, from the very beginning the developed world and theoreticians progressed on the basis of 'direct transferability' of a successful process. During the 1970s, the European and American multinational companies made a foray into the developing world. With extending their own markets, these MNCs also threatened the indigenous industries in these countries. These events gave rise to two theories - the Dependency Theory and the Center Periphery or Metropolis-Satellite Theory. According to dependency theorists such as Paul Baran, Andre Gunther Frank and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, developing countries

USA HIstory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

USA HIstory - Research Paper Example This was particularly due to the rules on escaped sleeves which demanded that those helping escaped slaves be punished, this pitted south against north since many abolitionists would aid than in their escape when they went ran north to freedom (Kelly). The election of Abraham Lincoln a republican firm on abolishing slavery caused seven states to secede and form a confederacy, when the war begun in earnest, four more states joined them in the quest to fight for the right to practice slavery. The civil war was greatly divisive as it pitted neighbors and sometimes even brothers against each other, as a result, many family and social bonds were severed never to be the same again even after the war was over The war commenced after the confederates took the Fort Sumter, which was a crucial fort for the union side, in South Carolina, in response Lincoln rallied his armies to retake the four Border States that had moved to the confederacy. The union then went ahead to assume control of the coastline and set up a naval blockade a key fort held by Union troops in South Carolina. The confederate states had assumed that Europeans countries which were heavily dependent on them for cotton and other products would back them up against the union and this emboldened them (â€Å"American Civil War†). However, this proved to have been misconstrued and no European nation ever even acknowledged the confederacy let alone supported them. What followed were four years of bloody conflict which were characterized by massive loss of life as well as destruction of property; it is worth noting that this was the first industrialized war and modern weapons and infrastructure such as railroads were extens ively used. The war was marked by several battles such as, the battles of Antietam, Vicksburg, and Manassas among others (â€Å"American Civil War†). In 1862 Lincoln made the proclamation of

Mktg 4580 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mktg 4580 - Essay Example DP 4, Naval Logistics, explains how we put into action essential logistic principles, functions, and fundamentals and how we utilize the resources of formal planning and logistic information support to achieve the crucial objective of equipped force readiness. Illustrating through the metaphor of a logistic channel, it enables the reader to specifically understand the entire process from the manufacturers shipping terminal to the end user. At the same time, Naval Logistics highlights that the term ‘naval logistics’ refers to much more than materiel. It is a multifaceted interlace of systems within systems, which comprises planning, acquirement, preservation, engineering and manufacturing support, training, shipping, amenities operations, and personnel support-backing up naval forces day and night, both in peace and war.  Logistics empowers our forces to accomplish the assigned roles with capability and credibility. The overall purpose and function of Naval Logistics is divided into four processes, altogether called as the science of planning and executing processes that provides needed products to achieve and sustain operational readiness (p.5). Logistic includes several interrelated and often overlapping functions and potentials and provides support at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels (pp.7-9). Application of the fundamental principles of Logistics such as responsiveness, simplicity, economy, flexibility, sustainability, survivability, and attainability, which act corollary to the principles of warfare, across the six broad functional area of supply, transportation, maintenance, engineering, health services and other services, when merged and equilibrated, would produce and deliver effective logistic support to our operating forces (pp.12-22). Furthermore, within each of the functional areas, an effective administration of the four elements of the logistic process such as, acquisition, distribution, sustainment, and disposition will contribute

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

International Marketing - Essay Example The Italian retail trade experienced a growth rate of 1.2 percent in 2003, led largely by recent developments in distribution which sprang from changes to long-standing import barriers in the country (alibaba.com, 2008). Easing of legislative restrictions have made the Italian marketplace more favourable for retailers of all varieties in relation to ease of setting up new business ventures in this country. Lower costs plus the development of a new distribution infrastructure in this country make it appealing to international companies looking for new market opportunities. M&S products are considered fast-moving products and, in Italy, these types of goods are purchased by a younger market audience (Eghbal, 2007). Marks & Spencer has often been criticised for not appealing to younger demographics, instead relying on far-too-traditional marketing which has driven the business’ operating model for over 80 years. M&S must be aware that younger demographic purchases will make up the majority of fashion and houseware purchases in this marketplace. The Italian economy is currently experiencing the worst recession in the last sixty years, with household consumption rates falling by 1.1 percent in early 2009 (OADBS, 2009). However, despite this recessionary environment, consumer disposable income levels grew by 4.3 percent since 2008, indicating that there is strength in consumer incomes and availability of resources needed to purchase M&S products (OADBS). In comparison to other European countries, declines in spending in Italy are not as substantial while other countries experience more difficulty in a recessionary environment. â€Å"There is an imbalance between the north and the south of the country† in terms of retail infrastructure, with more competitors and the existence of distribution infrastructures in the north region of Italy (alibaba.com, p.1). Because of this infrastructure, the northern regions of Italy

Psychology (personality) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology (personality) - Essay Example Adler’s strategies can be compared to various points of scripture from the Bible. From the point of both aggression and withdrawal, the section of Genesis in which the Lord expels Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden is applicable. â€Å"Because thou hast†¦ eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of they life† (Holy, 1945). This passage shows both agression and withdrawal, because the Lord is aggressively expelling the couple, and they are being made to withdraw into the world. There tends to be more about punishment in Genesis, showing more aggression. Excuses can also be explained and correlated to scriptures and sections of the Bible, including passages from Job. In terms of applying Adler’s theories to scripture, one can see how the three major safeguarding strategies are put forth as described by Adler in terms of personality, and of cou rse, human beings are still human beings, just as in the Biblical

Human Resources Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Management Essay Human Resources Management (HRM) is a new concept. It is a combination of HR, Accounting, Management, Financial Management and Economics. Globalization to would economy has exposed the corporate business organization to worldwide competition, mobilization of professional manpower and modern quantitative management practice. So, there are growing realization cannot achieve its goal effectively and efficiently. To face this complex management challenge, effective objectively measurable database system to measure and apply HRM information. Now-a-days, in Bangladesh, every year, and huge amount of money and talented HRM are being engaged by corporate to improve the productivity or skills o f their workforce across the country. Such huge expenditures are made with the expectation of future returns in terms of improved services to be rendered by skilled employees. In other words, organizations by investing human resources development definitely increase the service potentials embodied in human resources and these investments thus create economic assets for the organizations. Human resource (or personnel) management, in the sense of getting things done through people, is an essential part of every manager’s responsibilities, but many organizations find it advantageous to establish a specialist division to provide an expert service dedicated to ensuring that the human resource function is performed efficiently. â€Å"People are our most valuable asset† is a cliche which no member of any senior management team would disagree with. Yet, the reality for many organizations are that their people remain under valued, under trained and under utilized. The rate of change facing organizations has never been greater and organizations must absorb and manage change at a much faster rate than in the past. In order to implement a successful business strategy to face this challenge, organizations, large or small, must ensure that they have the right people capable of delivering the strategy. There is a long-standing argument about where HR-related functions should be organized into large organizations, e. g. , â€Å"should HR be in the Organization Development department or the other way around? The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone tremendous change over the past 20-30 years. Many years ago, large organizations looked to the â€Å"Personnel Department,† mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organizations consider the â€Å"HR Department† as playing a major role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organization are performing at maxim um capability in a highly fulfilling manner. Company Profile History of Partex Group: Partex Group is among the large Bangladesh private sector manufacturing and service based enterprises, owning and operating over twenty units giving value for money to all customers. The group started modestly in 1959 in tobacco trading and with prudent entrepreneurship of our Founder Chairman Mr. M. A. Hashem today we have a stake in tobacco, food, water, soft drinks, steel container, edible oil, wooden board, furniture, cotton yarn and the IT sector. After Bangladesh was established our Chairman set up M/S Hashem Corporation (Pvt) Ltd. n Chittagong city meeting the large demand of food and materials needed for sustaining the needs of a new nation through imports. From importing to import substitution was the next logical step and the stepping stone into the manufacturing sector, which has matured to the multi million dollar diverse investment of the Partex Group today. A dedicated work force and committed board members led by our Chairman and backed by a market oriented corporate strategy has been the cornerstone of our success. Today the group has over twenty family owned private limited companies with a sizable turnover. Ours is a dynamic organization always exploring new ideas and avenues to expand and grow further. Long before environment came to dominate the development agenda. Star Particle Board Mills in the sixties pioneered an eco-friendly industry to reduce pressure on our scarce forest recourses. It is a unique combination of environmental protection and commerce; belaying most doomsayers who claim the two to be at odds. The one score and ten year successful perpetuation of our timber substitute products not only speak volumes of the foresight of Partex’s founders but also their vision of the future. They make particle board from agro-waste, mostly jute stalks, and ensure greater value to the jute growers of Bangladesh. Products are processed using modern technology to produce homogenous and strong particle board that can withstand seasonal change and are free from termite and fungal attack. These particle boards go on to produce veneered boards of various design and texture. Also door panels both plains and decorative in various finishes and sizes. In addition their produce special furniture boards, stylish furniture and even various plywood on our range of products. Beside, in house and outside training, recruits business graduates from reputed universities as management training for mainstream banking to enrich quality of human resources contributing towards operations effective and long-term sustainable results. Vision Statement: The Sky is not the limit for us, but their expectation is within limits. Therefore, their imagination soars beyond conventional barriers. Partex Group share or destiny with their beloved motherland. They want to serve her in the greater quest for national uplift. Mission statement: To sincere traveler, the way is never too long. Partex Group believes in â€Å"progress in diversity and service through entrepreneur†. They are merchants and missionaries, doers and dreamers, entrepreneurs and professionals. They are futuristic with emphasis on creating thinking and dynamic action. High quality financial services with the help the latest technology. Fast and accurate customer services Balance growth strategy High standard business ethics Steady return on shareholders equity. Innovative banking at a competitive price. Attract and retain quality human resource. Firm commitment to the society and the growth of national economy. The spirit: Enterprise is Partex Group’s spirit. Partex Group manufactures superior import-substitute consumer and industrial products. Their cutting edge precision leads to greater public utility and hygiene, with a great care for the environment and human inhabitation. It is the very ingredient that gives their organization the integrity upon which their reputation is built and we zealously guard it everyday. Many a thousand minds of their group contributed to their gathered knowledge to keep the wheels rolling that in turn leads them to goal. This cumulative strength of knowledge is required, today, to find new solutions for the manifold problems of fast- changing economic cultural and ecological milieu. Objectives: Partex Group is a customer focused modern banking institution thriving fast in both earning and ability to stand out as a leading banking institution in Bangladesh. They deliver unparalleled financial services with the touch of heart to Retail, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs), corporate, institutional and governmental clients through the outlets of branches across the country. Their business initiatives center on the emerging need of the clients. Partex Groups’ client commitments are the following: Provided services with high degree of professionalism and use of most modern technology. Create life-long relationship based on mutual trust and respect. Respond to customer needs with speed and accuracy.

Analysis Of Mere Christianity By CS Lewis Religion Essay

Analysis Of Mere Christianity By CS Lewis Religion Essay The book Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis was a very interesting. As I first started reading the book from the preface I found out that before C.S. Lewis published the book he read them or gave them to someone to read aloud over the radio it was said to have been published into three separate parts the first one being named Broadcast talks which was aired in the year 1942. The second one that was given on the air was Christian Behavior which aired one year after in 1943.The last part to the three part series was called Beyond Personality which aired in 1944. The first chapter in the book was mainly about the Universal Law of Nature and what certain cultures find wrong and what certain right and how some cultures differ in beliefs. One of the many examples used in this chapter was that about marriage and how certain cultures allow men to have more than one wife to that of those who only allow only one wife. Another thing the Lewis mentions in this chapter is that of how a culture wou ld be strange if it didnt follow its own laws. In book one chapter 3 he explains how the only way we know our laws is our reactions to it and how we understand it. In chapter 4 Lewis discusses how greediness and spirits are too conflicting habits to interpret life which have been talked about and conflicted over eternally in view of the fact that thoughts natives begin thinking how the world came upon to be. The authors explain greediness in the books typical common sense, the world as we know it have until the end of time be, and numerical main beliefs of possibility, as well as well-known as chance, bring on the subject of humanity. Lying on the additional put forward, and dovetail with the authors principle about the commandment of the natural world, the spiritual world maintain that a awareness bring the creation interested in survival by means of a understandable principle of create additional love comparable on the road to its own. Anywhere covetousness does not take for grant ed awareness on top of the life, everything spiritual does. Lewis uses a small number of additional analogy to construct his casing. The mass of human suppose in the life of one or more gods. Lewis admit to at on its own moment human being an nonbeliever, other than subsequent to accommodating the being of God, he exposed a outward appearance of open-mindedness which permitted each and every one religion to have a quantity of fact to themselves, to a certain extent than irritating to display with the intention of all religion are incorrect in their encouragement of belief. In chapter 2 Lewis discusses the pressure group to generalize Christianity interested in a faith that worships a high-quality as well as presently God. He argue not anything in the world is easy, as a result God cant survive undemanding also. A preside over possibly will appear to be a straightforward control the discussion, but at what time intimately look at turn elsewhere to exist complete of multifaceted stuff , complete of atom, good thing still bearing in mind the preside over involve reflect brightness finished of things. His peak is with the intention of God, even though high-quality bent great that curved awful. In chapter 5 the starting place of restlessness is, as said by Lewis is, to be bring into being in the whole story he claim to have well-known that the ruling of natural world exists, is that human beings have a hard time following the laws, and that Jesus himself is behind the laws of our world and the human ways are useless unless more things are applied to bring humans more intact with the laws. The things that must be accomplished are to understand and live with the laws and to see, and to see that God himself is very unyielding against it, and we are making it more difficult for us in the future if we think theres an easier way. This part explains the importance of the 3 most important religions in the modern age. These three concepts are Jewish, catholic and Islamic rel igions which express the concept of Pantheism which is short abbreviation meaning God is the Universe which is understood by Catholics, Jews, and Islamic people as God creating the universe and by atheist God was never real or existed. From Lewiss point of view the greatest problem and obstacle about Gods issue is that people believing if God actually existed or if he never did exist. More than half of the humans in the world believe one more than one demonic figure or Gods as said by Lewis. Lewis has also mentioned within the book that at one point of time he was Atheist but after thinking and thinking he came to the conclusion that all religions had some sort of truth to them thus allowing him to have an open mind about all religions including and especially Christianity. He later explains and moves on in this chapter saying that God may have taken sides to people in his decisions. Chapter three starts out talking and explaining the free will of man kind. This part of the story is thought to have given Jesus Christ the power and equal ness to God himself. The part that has come to shock me and many readers within the book is the idea that God came down to us in human being form as Jesus Christ to regain the love and happiness within the world. There was a point within the book where he (Lewis) argues that that all of the humans within his world has their own freedom Because God himself decided that is was mandatory in a way so that all of his followers meaning us would love him with eternal love and compassion. With all that said Lewis latter explains that evil would have developed over time which it has and would lead to the destruction of many of Gods creations. Now to Part 3, in chapter 1 of part 3 it explains the significance of morality, Lewis explains these 3 parts in many different and various ways. The first sort of morality has to do with human to human and the relationships we have together as humans. The second point of morality is within the huma n himself and how he or she sets them self out. The third and last part of the morality concept is that of the human himself and the creator being God in this case and the relationship they both share as one. Lewis s problem with this concept is he has set in his mind that the only part of the morality that the humans meaning us is we only pay attention to the first part and look at nothing more than just a human to human relationship. Chapter 6 which is a brief but interesting chapter which has to do with the Christian marriages within the church. One of the very first thing Lewis speaks about and relates to is that Catholic marriage is the putting together of two people at the same level of spirituality and love. He also explains that divorce is very bad for the community thus cause its the taking away of the two peoples love for one anther thus breaking and tearing apart their spiritual bon with each other. Chapter 9 is based on Lewis views on how the charity can benefit how God forgives us and how the term charity does not basically mean to give or donate to the needy and or poor. Another bright point Lewis makes with in this chapter is that being charitable simply does not mean having feelings for others such as love and compassion but is said to be more than just that and is looked at basically a concern for the well being of others he later gives the example of a mother spoiling and loving her daughter or son as a way of being charitable and making herself and him happy this is considered by Lewis to be the wrong way of being charitable. Lewis also includes in this passage saying that even though charity is not the showing of love for another it is the start in showing love and compassion for people and is much more looked upon than having hate against someone or something. Chapter 1 of book 4 explains the well stated differences between the making of and the begetting of one another. It starts off explaining the begetting by saying begetting is the sam e thing as being born the same with no differences at all, and the making is closely similar to creation of something or someone after the birth is done. The last chapter I am explaining and summarizing is book 4 chapter 3 because I believe it states a very important part of everyday life to all of us. In this chapter it is briefly explained that time is a part of our everyday life and is a concept of our world as we know it, but as said by Lewis Gods world does not revolve around time and does not exist within Heaven Which means that it is virtually meaningless to God but it is most certainly is important to us. This book was very well written even though I have only read half of this fantastic book iv actually started to find this book to be a very interesting and great story as I was writing my essay and going through the book the reason I find it to be interesting is because I love how it explains and takes you through the many places such as the universe as a whole and into God s dimension which is considered to be Heaven to me and how it takes us to the physical reality of life, this concludes my essay and I hope that this book is used next year because I found it to be very fascinating.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Types

Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Types Individual Family culture VS Traditional Family Culture.   Advantages Of The Nuclear Family While discussing about the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear family, the first and foremost point pops up in the mind of a person is privacy of life.   Privacy:  The couple can get their privacy in their own house in nuclear families whereas you cannot get your privacy in a joint family. People can live their own way and can do whatever they want to. There are no such boundaries set by the elders to follow.   Financial stability:  When we talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the nuclear family, then financial stability is one of the strongest points in the nuclear family. One can be financially strong because of limited expenses. There is less number of people in the nuclear family and hence less expenses. You cannot have a strong financial stability if you are the only person who is earning in a joint family.   Freedom:  The elders restricts youngsters not to do certain tasks because they think this is not good for them. But today’s generation is very smart. They know what is good and bad for them and have enough analytical power so they don’t like to restrict themselves. Instead, they want their freedom so that they can do and achieve whatever they want in their life.   Ease in moving:  When you have a nuclear family, you face fewer problems while shifting from a house. You can manage your things according to you without disturbing the lives of other people. This is one of the major advantages of the nuclear family.   Avoidance of stress and discomfort:  Some people are emotional. They can’t tolerate any kind of fun that is on them and in the joint family, one need to have much high patience. But, nuclear families has the advantage that if you live in the company of those with whom you are very comfortable then there is no need to take any stress and your discomfort also get vanished in a moment.   Disadvantages Of The Nuclear Family While thinking about the advantages and disadvantages of the nuclear family, a person should also think that it is not always good to live in a nuclear family. At certain points, you realize the value of joint family. Here are those points which will teach you the importance of joint family and disadvantages of nuclear families.   No care:  If the parents are working and children suffered from any small or big disease, then one needs to deal with it alone as they don’t have elders and other family members to take care of. This is the major disadvantage of the nuclear family. One is alone and feels even sicker when he sees no one around. Problems to children:  If your child is small and needs special care, then at that point, you will definitely find the nuclear family not good enough. You will always think that if you were in a joint family then this condition would never arise as you have other family members who can take care of the child and in the mean time, you can do your work. Security and safety:  Security is one another disadvantage in the nuclear family. People feel insecure in the nuclear family. There are so many cases of robbery and murders and many of them are from nuclear family itself, as it is easier to grab someone who lives alone in a house or with less number of people. No support:  When we talk about the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear family, support is the thing one will always miss. If there is an argument between the couple then there is no one to support any one of them. They have to deal with their problem alone without any support. Sometimes due to open nature and ego, the fight results in divorce or separation because there was no one to make them understand the basics of a relationship. Extra Expenses: When you live in a community or in a joint family, then you have the liability to keep other happy and familiar to you. In order to do this, you need to do some extra expenses. Suppose, you bring some gift for your child then it is also important to bring some gift for other children in the family. TRADITION FAMILY CULTURE:- In an extended  family, parents and their childrens families may often live under a single roof. This type of  joint family  often includes multiple generations in the  family. From culture to culture, the variance of the term may have different meanings. Advantages of Joint Families Cradle of social virtues: Joint family is like a nursery to teach social virtues. It helps to develop social virtues like co-operation, sympathy, sacrifice, affection, spirit of selfless service, obedience and broadminded. Insurance against olds: Joint Family Acts as insurance for the members of the family at the time of crisis. It provides social security to its members especially to the old, the infirm, the unemployed persons, the orphans, the widowed daughters and sisters as well as the physical and mentally handicapped among them. For all such persons the joint family acts as an insurance company. Division of labour: In a joint family each member is given work according to his or her capacity. The men, women and children all have to work. For example, in a peasant joint family all the members work actively according to their ability. The old persons and children of the family watch the crops in the field. During the harvest season, the women in some families help in harvesting. This there is no need of procuring labour from outside the family. Socialism in Wealth: According to Sir Henry Maine joint family is like a co-operative society with the father as the trustee. Every member in the joint family works conforming to the well established socialist formula; each works according to his or her ability and gets according to his or her needs. Avoids fragmentation of land: Joint family avoids the evils or fragmentation of land by holding the property in common. Joint family is almost like a joint-stock company. An agency of social control: Another advantage of joint family is that it acts as an agency of social control. In joint family there is a close supervision over the anti-social and unsocial activities of the young member. Opportunity for leisure: Joint family affords ample leisure to its members. Both the male and female members divide the household works and finish it in a short time spending the rest of the day in leisure. They never feel over burdened. Money saving device: Joint family is advantageous from the economic viewpoint. This system helps in securing economy in expenditure. Since things are consumed in a large quantity they can be obtained at cheap rate. A large family can be maintained within a small means if it lives jointly. Disadvantages of Joint Family Home for Idler: Joint family rests on collective responsibility. This sometimes accounts for laziness among some members. No doubt the active members do hard work. But when they get equal share in the food cooked at the common hearth, some members may become lazy and may not feel the necessity of doing any productive work. They spend their time in eating, sleeping and begetting children. Hindrance in the development of personality: Joint family hinders the development of personality. Under the joint family system the head of the family or Karta is all in all. He is the sole authority to take any decision in family affairs. Other members, especially the   juniors do not get a chance to think independently to take any independent decision. Thus development of personality is arrested. Favours uncontrolled reproduction: Joint family is said to be associated with higher birth rate. Member does not feel the need of birth control because the children rest on the family as a whole. Hot bed of quarrel: Joint family is the hotbed of quarrels and bickering. Quarrels are common among the female members of the family. Quarrels between the wives of brother, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law is very common. Source of litigation: Sometimes joint-family system encourages, litigation. At the time of the partition of movable or immovable property in the family dispute assumes serious proportion and most of the time these are not settled without the interference of the court of law. Loss of privacy: Over crowdedness in joint family kills one’s privacy. The newly married man and his wife hardly get the time to meet and talk rarely in joint family. Low position of women: Under the joint family system the woman is relegated to low status. Her condition in the family is worse. Particularly the condition of a daughter-in-law is very miserable. She is often ill-treated by her mother-in-law. Her life is no way better than that of a slave. In many cases, the ill treatment by the elderly women becomes so unbearable that they seek a permanent relief in committing suicide.

Hannah Webster Fosters The Coquette Essay -- Hannah Webster Foster Th

Hannah Webster Foster's The Coquette Eliza Wharton has sinned. She has also seduced, deceived, loved, and been had. With The Coquette Hannah Webster Foster uses Eliza as an allegory, the archetype of a woman gone wrong. To a twentieth century reader Eliza's fate seems over-dramatized, pathetic, perhaps even silly. She loved a man but circumstance dissuaded their marriage and forced them to establish a guilt-laden, whirlwind of a tryst that destroyed both of their lives. A twentieth century reader may have championed Sanford's divorce, she may have championed the affair, she may have championed Eliza's acceptance of Boyer's proposal. She may have thrown the book angrily at the floor, disgraced by the picture of ineffectual, trapped, female characters. We might see similar reactions when placing Foster's novel in an eighteenth century context. But would they be the reactions that Foster anticipated? Were eighteenth century female readers to see The Coquette as an instructional text, or were they supposed to enjoy it without applying it to their own lives? Did she aim to teach her female audience about proper conduct, and to warn about the dangers of the licentious seducer? The book was a best seller; why would this type of text have been so popular? Writing a journal from the perspective of a fictional eighteenth century reader, a mother whose daughter is the age of Eliza's friends, will allow me to employ reader-response criticism to help answer these questions and to decipher the possible social influences and/or meanings of the novel. Though reader-response criticism varies from critic to critic, it relies largely on the idea that the reader herself is a valid critic, that her critique is influenced by time and place,... ...ontagu." [http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/montagu.html#Introductions]. June 1996. 2. Davidson, Cathy. Revoultion and the Word, The Rise of the Novel in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. 3. Foster, Hannah Webster. The Coquette. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. 4. Jauss, Hans Robert. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982. 5. Moi, Toril. Sexual Textual Politics. London: Routledge, 1985. 6. Murfin, Ross C. "What is Reader-Response Criticism?" in The Scarlet Letter. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Boston: Bedford, 1991. 7. Rabinowitz, Peter J. "Johns Hopkins Guide to LIterary Theory" [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/entries/reader-esponse_theory_and_criticism.html]. 1997. 8. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. New York: Penguin, 1992.

Hip Hop vs. Ethics Essay -- World Cultures Music Morals Essays

Ethics of The Music Industry Works Cited Not Included Hip-hop culture has been socially labeled as deviant, a counter-culture, un-American because of its lack of moral. Specifically, "gangsta rap" which glorifies guns, sex, violence, drug use and gang activity has been castigated. This type of rap promotes a nonconformist and rebel adaptive behavior. As a result, it gives hip-hop culture a deviant label. A simple definition of deviance is "behavior that does not conform to group-shared norms; behavior that (in some way) does not meet the expectations of a group or a society as a whole and is subject to social control" (Liska 2). Mr. Kirkland, along with rap entrepreneur Russell Simmons, Grammy award-winning Chuck D, Charles Fisher and the NAACP are major moral entrepreneurs of the nascent grass-roots reform movement and pillars to the hip hop culture industry. Raptivism, "At the core of their campaign is a conviction that amounts to heresy in some quarters of the rap world: Artistic images do influence behavior, especially when it comes to young people, and that the industry has a responsibility to counter the glorification that empowers kids, rather than landing them in jail" (Marks 1). The deviance label of rap music has created an atmosphere for moral panic in which big names in the hip hop culture are acting as morale entrepreneurs to counter-act and make a transformation. According to act-utilitarianism, the controversial lyrics of hip-hop artists may have a greater balance of good consequences over the bad consequences. Therefore, they create the greatest happiness within hip hop culture. The function of "raptivism" is feasible because of the potential power of this grass-roots movement to create a flux of positive m... ...ing hip-hop's survival will be their choice. "Raptivism" aims to attain overall greatest happiness. It is a plan to overcome it's immoral image that larger society has labeled it to have. Russell Simmon's "raptivism" movement is the most acceptable choice due to the extremity of other possible solutions. One possible solution could be the censorship of hip-hop music, which has been proven unconstitutional and has never held up in court due to the constitution's freedom of speech amendment. Another solution is to leave hip-hop the way it is now. Creating this movement is an effective way to respond to the moral dilemmas and negative image that hip-hop has obtained, while not trying to censor nonconformists. Besides, it will be lead by the most influential leaders and creators of the industry, whom which also has support from the most respected and famous rappers.

The Impact of the New Deal on the Great Depression Era Essay -- Americ

The Impact of the New Deal on the Great Depression Era In 1933, President Roosevelt proposed New Deal legislation to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression through various public works programs and other federal initiatives. The many reforms of the New Deal were racked by intense criticism from their very beginnings. The New Deal was a catalyst in the surge of the federal government’s power. One year before the financial collapse on Wall Street, President Hoover said, â€Å"We in America today are nearer to the financial triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of our land† (Major 31). This overly confident statement was outrageously wrong. On October 24, 1929, the Wall Street stock market plummeted. As of that date, the beginning of the Great Depression has infamously become known as â€Å"Black Thursday.† The nation and its leaders were at first put off-guard by the unanticipated event of the economy crashing. However, a few leaders during Hoover’s remaining years in office did show signs that the government’s program of laissez-fair economics were out of date in resolving this catastrophe. Among the early proponents of direct welfare-relief was Wisconsin Republican Robert LaFollette Jr.. LaFollette went against the Republican political grain by proposing legislation that would help the plight of the poor by using federal relief money. Nevertheless, his plan could not be passed by the strong anti-welfare Republican majority (Landis par. 3). With the election of President Roosevelt in 1933, Americans of all social status felt a new found hope for an end to the depression. Roosevelt quickly began encouraging Congress to pass national relief bills after he was elected president. Only two months after his in... ..., and ‘Natural’ Disaster Relief: Narrating the American Welfare State.† Law and Society Review 33 (1999): 257-318. WilsonSelect Full Text Database. OCLC FirstSearch. M.M. Bennett Lib., St. Petersburg Junior College. 19 May 2000 http://firstsearch.altip.oclc.org/. Major, John The New Deal. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1967. Romanscu, Albert U., et al. The New Deal: The National Level. Ed. John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brady. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1975. Roosevelt, Franklin D. â€Å"Letters to the Nation’s Clergy.† 24 Sept. 1935. FDR Library. Stewart, Richard B. â€Å"Evaluating the New Deal.† Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 22 (1998): 239-46. Academic Search FullTEXT Elite. EBSCOHost. M.M. Bennett Lib>, St. Petersburg Junior College. 19 May 2000 http://gw2.epnet.com/. With the Civilian Conservation Corps.† American Forests July 1933: np.

Design a Repeater for Digital Rf Signal

Abstract Repeaters for digital TV broadcasting can use either analogue or digital techniques. The purpose of using repeater is to boost signals into areas of weak coverage in any radio communication system. However wave interference means the repeater usually requires a frequency shift for analogue modulated signal. For digitally modulated signal it may be possible to use same frequency. This paper investigated and designed a RF repeater which will improve the inter symbol interference by incorporating delay between received and transmit signal.This project also reviewed the basics of current Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) techniques and selected it as a suitable choice for lab experiment. The practical side of this project is to design and build a repeater incorporating suitable electrical delay. Contents 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 Background:4 1. 2Aim of this project6 1. 3Project objectives6 1. 3 Project deliverable7 2. 0 Problem analysis8 2. 1 Repeater8 2. 1. 1 Analog ue repeaters9 2. 1. 2 Digital repeaters10 2. 2 Inter symbol interference13 2. 3 Multipath propagation15 2. 3. 1 Multipath fading15 2. 4 The TV channels16 2. 5 Transmission cable18 . 6 Signal Amplifiers20 2. 7 Transmission delay (Coaxial cable)21 3. 0 Possible solution24 3. 1 RF amplifier25 3. 1. 1 The Transistor Amplifier26 3. 1. 2 Ultra High Frequency Transistor Array (HFA)29 3. 1. 3 Surface mounts technology:32 3. 1. 4 Surface Mount Monolithic Amplifier:32 3. 1. 5 Loft box: 8 way home distribution unit34 3. 2. 6 Maxview signal booster35 3. 2. 7 Antenna:36 4. 0 Design37 4. 1 Circuit design37 4. 2 PCB design38 5. 0 Implementation40 5. 1 Implementation with HFA312740 5. 2 Implementation with MAV-11SM amplifier41 6. 0 Test result42 6. 1 Laboratory test result42 6. 2 Field test result44 7. Result Discussion46 8. 0 Conclusion48 Future work:49 Works Cited50 Figure List Figure 1System block diagram6 Figure 2 Passive and Active repeater block diagram7 Figure 3 Analog repeater8 Figure 4 Dig ital repeater9 Figure 5 Channel management for digital repeater10 Figure 6 Channel management for analogue repeater10 Figure 7 Broadcast in valley with digital repeaters11 Figure 8 101101 transmitted data12 Figure 9 Received data12 Figure 10 Transmitted data vs. Received data13 Figure 11 Multipath propagation14 Figure 12 Cable loss in dB   (Antenna basics, 2008)18 Figure 13 Linear change phase vs frequency22Figure 14 The basic transistor amplifier26 Figure 15 HFA3127 transistor array30 Figure 16 MAV-11SM amplifier31 Figure 17 Suggested PCB layout with MAV-11SM33 Figure 18 Loft box home distributor33 Figure 19 Maxview signal booster35 Figure 20 Antenna used for this project35 Figure 21 Interference between relay signal and main transmitted signal36 Figure 22 ISIS schematic of circuit design37 Figure 23 PCB design according to the datasheet in ARES37 Figure 24 3D view for PCB38 Figure 25 Circuit with HFA3127 amplifier39 Figure 26 MAV-11SM amplifier circuit board40 Figure 27 HFA3127 gain with soldering error41Figure 28 HFA3127 amplifier gain41 Figure 29 One MAV-11SM amplifier gain42 Figure 30 Two MAV-11SM amplifier circuits give more gain42 Figure 31 Three amplifiers together was the maximum gain43 Figure 32 Low quality picture with normal antenna43 Figure 33 Picture with repeater connected antenna44 Figure 34 Rebroadcasting connection44 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Background: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is being adopted as the standard for digital television in many countries. The DVB standard offers many advantages over the previous analogue standards and has enabled television to make a major step forwards in terms of its technology.Digital Video Broadcasting, DVB is now one of the success stories of modern broadcasting. The take up has been enormous and it is currently deployed in over 80 countries worldwide, including most of Europe and also within the USA. It offers advantages in terms of far greater efficiency in terms of spectrum usage and power utilisa tion as well as being able to affect considerably more facilities, the prospect of more channels and the ability to work alongside existing analogue services. (Pool, 2002) In these days when there are many ways in hich television can be carried from the â€Å"transmitter† to the â€Å"receiver† no one standard can be optimised for all applications. As a result there are many different forms of the Digital Video Broadcasting, DVB, standards, each designed for a given application. The main forms of DVB are summarised below: DVB Standard| Meaning| Description| DVB-C| Cable| The standard for delivery of video service via cable networks. | DVB-H| Handheld| DVB services to handheld devices, e. g. mobile phones, etc. | DVB-RSC| Return satellite channel| Satellite DVB services with a return channel for interactivity. DVB-S| Satellite services| DVB standard for delivery of television / video from a satellite. | DVB-SH| Satellite handheld| Delivery of DVB services from a satelli te to handheld devices| DVB-S2| Satellite second generation| The second generation of DVB satellite broadcasting. | DVB-T| Terrestrial| The standard for Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting. | Digital Video Broadcasting- Terrestrial (DVB-T) : The common perception of digital television these days is of broadcasts emanating from signal towers, bouncing off satellites, and being beamed to home receivers.This is the magic of  satellite  transmission, and it is reliable as long as the view of those satellites is not obscured. However, this is not the only way in which television signals are transmitted. Another popular method of transmitting signals  digital video broadcasting–terrestrial (DVB-T). When broadcasters employ this method, the digital signals do not leave the earth. The signals transmitted using  DVB-T  do not travel via cable, though; rather, they go from  antenna to aerial antenna, from signal blaster to home receiver. Digital signals are routinel y transmitted using terrestrial methods.The transmission method has different names in different parts of the world. DVB-T  is the name used in Europe and Australia. North American customers receive these signals using a set of standards approved by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC). In Japan, it is known as Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting–Terrestrial (IDSB-T). DVB-T  broadcasters transmit data using a compressed digital audio-video stream, with the entire process based on the  MPEG-2 standard. These transmissions can include all kinds of digital broadcasting, including  HDTV  and other high-intensity methods.This is a vast improvement over the old analog signals, which required separate streams of transmission. Oddly enough, some  DVB-T  transmissions take place over analog networks, with the antennas and receivers getting some helpful technological upgrades along the way. (Pool, 2002) 1. 2 Aim of this project The aim of this project is to investigate the design of a repeater for DVB-T system but incorporating a delay between receives and transmits signals to avoid Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). It is useful to use a repeater to boost the signal into areas of weak coverage in any radio wave communication system.However wave interference means the repeater usually requires a frequency shift for analogue modulated signals. For digitally modulated signals it may be possible to use the same frequency. The project will review the basics of current digital systems such as DVB (Broadcast TV) and WLAN – and to identify a suitable choice for a lab experiment. The practical side will be to design and build a repeater incorporating suitable transmission delay. 1. 3 Project objectives 1. Investigate and learn Inter Symbol Interference effect on received signal. 2.Investigate and learn the delay effect on received signal and cause of the delay. 3. Investigate and learn Multipath propagation and Doppler shift of the fre quencies. 4. Investigate and learn about Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) techniques. 5. Investigate and learn about transmission delay of coaxial cable. 6. Investigate and learn about different type of Amplifier. 7. Designing repeater circuit. 8. Implementing circuit. 9. Testing the circuit. Figure 1System block diagram 1. 3 Project deliverable * System design * Circuit design * Documentation 2. 0 Problem analysis . 1 Repeater Repeaters provide an efficient solution to increase the coverage of the broadcasting networks. In the broadcasting networks, the network operators usually first put high power transmitters at the strategic points to quickly ensure an attractive coverage and then, in a second step, increase their coverage by placing low-power repeaters in the dead spot or shadow areas, such as a tunnel, valley or an indoor area. A repeater is simply a device that receives an analogue signal or a digital signal and regenerates the signal along the next leg of the medium.In DVB- T networks, there are two different kinds of repeaters. They are passive repeaters, which are also called as gap-fillers and active repeaters that are also called as regenerative repeaters. A passive repeater receives and retransmits a DVB-T signal without changing the signalling information bits. The signal is only boosted. An active repeater can demodulate the incoming signal, perform error recovery and then re-modulates the bit stream. The output of the error recovery can even be connected to a local re-multiplexer to enable insertion of local programmes.This means that the entire signal is regenerated. The building blocks of the passive and active repeater configurations are shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 Passive and Active repeater block diagram In a first step, DVB-T broadcasters, as all broadcasters, launch their networks with high power transmitters in strategic point in order to quickly insure an attractive coverage to TV operators and then, in a second step, increase their co verage by placing low power repeaters in shadow area. To repeat a DVB-T signal, two solutions can be used: An analogue repetition: in this case, repeaters use well-known techniques such as down conversion, filtering, up conversion and amplification. The signal is only boosted. * A digital repetition: this new type of repeater uses a professional DVB-T receiver to recover the programme stream (and correct all errors) carried in the RF channel, performs a new modulation followed by an up conversion and amplification. It means that the entire signal is regenerated. 2. 1. 1 Analogue repeaters In case of analogue repetition, the output signal quality cannot exceed the quality of the received signal because the signal is not regenerated.Figure 3 Analog repeater Furthermore, being a passive process, it degrades the signal; the phase noise of the local oscillator involves a degradation of the phase noise of the received signal and creates an inter-modulation. The local oscillator phase nois e adds to the phase noise of the received signal. In these conditions, what are the performances of analogue repetition for Modulation Error Ratio (MER) and Carrier to Noise ratio (C/N)? Of course, performances are linked to the technology but analogue repetition cannot be insured ad infinitum. And, if one link in the analogue repetition chain is weak, all the system is deficient. Trolet, 2002) 2. 1. 2 Digital repeaters In case of a digital repetition, the entire signal is regenerated; it means that repeaters, as transmitters, insure the quality of the broadcasted signal as long as it is able to demodulate it. Figure 4 Digital repeater The output signal quality is independent of the input signal quality: * Phase noise is linked to the local oscillator only, * A weak link, in a digital repetition chain, is erased by the following repeater, * Several digital repeaters can be cascaded without any cumulative degradation.Drawback of Digital repeater The delay inside a digital repeater is taller than the guard interval. So, the signal cannot be repeated on the frequency of the main transmitter: main transmitters and repeaters cannot operate in a Single Frequency Network (SFN) even with 8K carriers and a guard interval of 1/4. (Trolet, 2002) Figure 5 Channel management for digital repeater The delay inside an analogue repeater is lower than the guard interval and allows main transmitters and repeaters to operate in SFN mode. Figure 6 Channel management for analogue repeaterBut, with such technique, overlap between repeater cells and transmitter cell cannot be optimised/adjusted. Analogue repeaters have not the possibility to buffer the signal; they cannot add delay to move the overlap zone. To optimise single frequency network with this technique, two solutions: * Move the repeater that means you have to find new broadcasting site. * Reduce the output power of your repeaters and forbid overlap. So, to build an efficient Single Frequency Network (SFN), Broadcasters ha ve benefits in using transmitters: * Means more freedom for defining the size of the cells Means more freedom for defining the repeater locations Benefits of Digital Repeater * As long as the repeater is able to demodulate the RF channels, signal quality is independent of input signal quality. * Output MER > 33 dB (Trolet, 2002) * In theory, thanks to the forward error correction (FEC) and the output signal quality, digital repeaters can be cascaded ad infinitum. It is an efficient solution to broadcast in valleys. TV viewers and distant repeaters share the broadcasted signal. Figure 7 Broadcast in valley with digital repeaters The demodulation process, down to the programme stream, allows broadcasters to insert a local multiplexor in order to customize the content for a local broadcasting. More and more, local communities claim their local programmes. Digital repeaters offer a flexible solution to the network. * Shadow area can be covered by several repeaters. Repeaters operate tog ether in SFN mode without any external references (10 MHz and 1 PPS) (Trolet, 2002). In their internal memory, digital repeaters can buffer the signal so as to optimise overlaps. 2. 2 Inter symbol interferenceInter-symbol interference (ISI) is an unavoidable consequence of both wired and wireless communication systems. Morse first noticed it on the transatlantic telegraph cables transmitting messages using dots and dashes and it has not gone way since. He handled it by just slowing down the transmission. Amplitude Time Figure 8 101101 transmitted data Figure 8 shows a data sequence, 1,0,1,1,0, which wish to be sent. This sequence is in form of square pulses. Square pulses are nice as an abstraction but in practice they are hard to create and also require far too much bandwidth. Amplitude TimeFigure 9 Received data Figure 9 shows each symbol as it is received. It also shows what the transmission medium creates a tail of energy that lasts much longer than intended. The energy from sym bols 1and 2 goes all the way into symbol 3. Each symbol interferes with one or more of the subsequent symbols. The circled areas show areas of large interference. Amplitude Time Figure 10 Transmitted data vs. Received data Fig. 3 shows the actual signal seen by the receiver. It is the sum of all these distorted symbols. Compared to the transmitted signal, the received signal looks quite indistinct.The receiver does not actually this signal; it sees only the little dots, the value of the amplitude at the timing instant. Symbol 3, this value is approximately half of the transmitted value, which makes this particular symbol is more susceptible to noise and incorrect interpretation and this phenomena is the result of this symbol delay and smearing. This spreading and smearing of symbols such that the energy from one symbol effects the next ones in such a way that the received signal has a higher probability of being interpreted incorrectly is called Inter Symbol Interference or ISI.ISI can be caused by many different reasons. It can be caused by filtering effects from hardware or frequency selective fading, from non-linearity and from charging effects. Very few systems are immune from it and it is nearly always present in wireless communications. Communication system designs for both wired and wireless nearly always need to incorporate some way of controlling it. The main problem is that energy, which is been wishing to confine to one symbol, leaks into others. So one of the simplest things can be done to reduce ISI is to just slowing down the signal.Transmitting the next pulse of information only after allowing the received signal has damped down. The time it takes for the signal to die down is called delay spread, whereas the original time of the pulse is called the symbol time. If delay spread is less than or equal to the symbol time then no ISI will result, otherwise yes. (Charan, 2002) Slowing down the bit rate was the main way ISI was controlled on those ini tial transmission lines. Then faster chips came and allowed to do signal processing controlling ISI and transmission speeds increased accordingly. . 3 Multipath propagation Multipath propagation is caused by multipath receptions of the same signal. in city environment or indoors signal travels along different path from transmitter (Tx) to receiver (Rx). * Signal components received at slightly different times (delay) * These components are combined at Rx * Results as a signal that varies widely in amplitude, phase or polarization 2. 3. 1 Multipath fading When the components add destructively due to phase differences amplitude of the received signal is very small.At the other times the components add constructively the amplitude of received signal is large. This amplitude variations in the received signal called signal fading, are due to the time-variant characteristics of the channel. Relative motion between Tx and Rx (or surrounding objects causing e. g. reflection) causes random f requency modulation. Figure 11 Multipath propagation Each multipath component has different Doppler shift. The Doppler shift can be calculated by using: fd=V? cos? V is the velocity of the terminal ? is the spatial angle between the direction of motion and the wave ? is the wavelengthThe three most important effects of multipath fading and moving scatters are * Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travelled distance or time interval * Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath signals. * Time dispersion (echoes) caused by multipath propagation 2. 4 The TV channels Hertz  (Hz) means  cycles per second. (Heinrich Hertz was the first to build a radio transmitter and receiver while understanding what he was doing. )  Ã‚  KHz means 1000 Hertz, MHz means 1,000,000 Hertz, and GHz means 1,000,000,000 Hertz The radio frequency spectrum is divided into major bands:Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wave length  (in meters) VLF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  very low frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 KHz – 30 KHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   100 Km – 10 Km LF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  low frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   30 KHz – 300 KHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      10 Km – 1 Km MF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  medium frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  300 KHz – 3 MHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 Km – 100 m HF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  high frequency 3 MHz – 30 MHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   100 m – 10 m VHF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  very high frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 MHz – 300 MHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 m – 1 m UHF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ultra high frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  300 MHz â €“ 3 GHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 m – 100 mm SHF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  super high frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 GHz – 30 GHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      100 mm – 10 mm EHF  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  extremely high frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   30 GHz – 300 GHz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 mm – 1 mm (Antenna basics, 2008) The UK uses UHF for terrestrial television transmissions, with both PAL-I analogue broadcasts and DVB-T digital broadcasts sharing the band. The following table is a handy channel/frequency conversion table showing the E channel number, PAL-I vision and sound carrier frequencies, and the centre frequency for digital tuning. The frequency plan for the UK involves each channel having an 8MHz bandwidth – the space in the spectrum that each channel is allotted. The PAL-I standard specifies a video bandwidth of 5. 0 MHz and an audio carrier at 6 MHz.The DVB-T tran smissions must fall within this channel plan, resulting in each digital channel also having a bandwidth of 8 MHz. Unlike PAL-I, the digital channel (carrying a multiplexed signal) utilises the entire bandwidth available to it simultaneously, transmitting 2048 carriers (in â€Å"2k mode†). For tuning purposes, a centre frequency is used (Table is included in appendices). (digital spy, 2009) Decibels Decibels (dB) are commonly used to describe gain or loss in circuits. The number of decibels is found from: Gain in dB = 10*log(gain factor)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  or (Antenna basics, 2008) In some situations this is more complicated than using gain or loss factors. But in many situations, decibels are simpler.For example, suppose 10 feet of cable loses 1 dB of signal. To figure the loss in a longer cable, just add 1 dB for every 10 feet. In general, decibels let add or subtract instead of multiply or divide. Noise Whether a signal is receivable is determined by the  signal t o noise ratio  (S/N). For TVs there are two main sources of noise: 1. Atmosphere noise. There are many types of sources for this noise. A light switch creates a radio wave every time it opens or closes. Motors in some appliances produce nasty  RF  (radio frequency) noise. 2. Receiver noise. Most of this noise comes from the first transistor the antenna is attached to. Some receivers are quieter than others. 2. Transmission cable Twin lead (ribbon cable) used to be common for TV antennas. It has its advantages. But due to its unpredictability when positioned near metal or dielectric objects, it has fallen out of favour. Coaxial cable is recommended. It is fully shielded and not affected by nearby objects. Transmission cable has a feature called its  characteristic impedance, which for TV coax should always be 75 ohms. Although rated in ohms, this has nothing to do with resistance. A resistor converts electric energy into heat. The â€Å"75 ohms† of a coaxial cable does not cause heat. Where it comes from is mathematically complicated and beyond our scope here.But coax also has ordinary resistance (mostly in the center conductor) and thus loses some of the signal, converting it into heat. The amount of this dissipation (loss) depends on the frequency as well as the cable length. Type:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Centre conductor:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cable diameter:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RG-59  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20-23 gauge  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0. 242 inches   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RG-6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18 gauge  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0. 265 inches   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RG-11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 gauge  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0. 405 inches Figure 12 Cable loss in dB   (Antenna basics, 2008) The above chart is only approximate. There are many cable manufacturers for each type and there is no enforcement of stand ards. If the mast-mounted amplifier gain exceeds the cable loss then it shouldn’t matter what cable you use.But there are two problems with this: * Some cable has incomplete shielding. This is most common for RG-59, another reason to avoid it. * When the cable run is longer than 200 feet, the low-numbered channels can become too strong relative to the high-numbered channels. In this case, RG-11 or an ultra-low-loss RG-6 is recommended. (These alternatives are expensive. )  Ã‚  Alternatively, frequency compensated amplifiers will work. 2. 6 Signal Amplifiers There are two types of signal amplifiers: Preamplifiers  Ã‚  (Mast-mounted amplifiers)  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  These should be mounted as close to the antenna as possible. Usually the amplifier comes in two parts: 1. The amplifier.This is an outdoor unit that is normally bolted to the antenna mast. It must have a very low noise figure, and enough gain to overcome the cable loss and the receiver’s noise figure. 2. The power module (power injector). This is an indoor unit that commonly lies on the floor behind the TV. It is inserted into the antenna cable between the amplifier and the TV. This module injects some power, usually DC, into the coaxial cable where the amplifier can use it. The power injector is the amplifier’s power supply. Distribution amplifiers  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  These are simple signal boosters. They are often necessary when an antenna drives multiple TVs or when the antenna cable is longer than 150 feet.Distribution amplifiers don’t need to have a low noise figure, but they need to be able to handle large signals without overloading. Commonly, distribution amplifiers have multiple outputs. (Unused outputs usually do not need to be terminated. ) Never feed an amplifier output directly into another amplifier. There should always be a long cable between the preamplifier and the distribution amplifier. Placing the two amplifiers close together can cause overloa d and/or oscillation. A mast-mounted amplifier’s most important characteristic is its noise level, usually specified by the  noise figure. But many manufacturers don’t take this number seriously. If it is given at all, it is often wrong. If all makers don’t do them right then comparison-shopping is not possible.The author is inclined to rate amplifiers for their noise figures as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0. 5 dB  superb (anything better runs into thermal atmospheric noise)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. 0 dB  excellent 4. 0 dB  fair 6. 0 dB  poor 10 dB  awful 2. 7 Transmission delay (Coaxial cable) Transmission lines are described by their two most important characteristics: the characteristic impedance Zo and the delay. For instance, a â€Å"short† (say 0. 01 wavelength) piece of coaxial cable such RG-58U has been taken and measured its capacitance with the other end open. A one foot length yields more or less 31. 2 pF. The inductance also has been measured with the other end shorted. It yields 76. 8 nH. The impedance may now be computed as: Zo=LC Zo=76. ? 10-931. 2? 10-12=49. 6 ohms Here L and C are measured for the same length. The delay may also be computed: Delay= L? C Delay= 76. 8? 10-9? 31. 2? 10-12=1. 55 nSec For an ideal line, the delay increases linearly with its length, while its impedance remains constant. After that it has been computed the velocity in foot per second: V=lendelay V=11. 55? 10-9=6. 46? 108 foot per second or meters/second 8 10*966. 1 This is less than the speed of light. The ratio of the above speed to the speed of light gives the velocity factor Vf: Vf=1. 966? 1082. 998? 108=0. 666 or 66. % of the speed of light As mentioned earlier, the delay increases linearly with the line length. For a given length, the phase difference between the input and output will increase with the frequency: ? =2? f? delay Here the phase ? is in radians and the frequency f is Hertz. Converting the phase from ra dians to degrees requires multiplying by: 3602? In this case if frequency is 900 MHz so phase delay will be ?deg=f? 360? delay=900? 106? 360? 1. 55? 10-9? 502. 2 This length that gives 90 degrees of phase shift is also known as a quarter wavelength. Figure 13 Linear change phase vs frequency Figure-13 An ideal transmission line gives a linear change of phase versus frequency.The distributed inductance and capacitance are the basic transmission line parameters. From these, it can be calculated the line impedance, the delay in terms of time and phase, the speed of propagation and the velocity factor. The inductive component has an additional component at the lower frequencies which slows the signal somewhat. This occurs around 100 KHz for small coax and lower for larger cables. For frequencies above 1 MHz, the dielectric constant of the cable is probably responsible for the decrease in the delay. Measuring the delay of cables can reveal some â€Å"hidden† properties that could make it unsuitable for some applications, such as carrying wideband data. (Audet, 2001) 3. 0 Possible solutionThe main component of a repeater is amplifier. There are many types of amplifier can be used for this job. RF amplifiers are electronic devices that accept a varying input signal and produce an output signal that varies in the same way as the input, but that has larger amplitude. RF amplifiers generate a completely new output signal based on the input, which may be voltage, current, or another type of signal. Usually, the input and output signals are of the same type; however, separate circuits are used. The input circuit applies varying resistance to an output circuit generated by the power supply, which smoothes the current to generate an even, uninterrupted signal.Depending on load of the output circuit, one or more RF pre-amplifiers may boost the signal and send the stronger output to a RF  power amplifier  (PA). Other types of RF amplifiers include low noise, pulse, bi-directional, multi-carrier, buffer, and limiting amplifiers. Detector log video amplifiers (DLVAs) are used to amplify or measure  signals with  a wide dynamic range and wide broadband. Successive detection log  video amplifiers (SDLVAs)  are log amplifiers that can operate over a wider dynamic range than DLVAs, while extended range detector log video amplifiers (ERDLVAs)  are  DLVAs that can operate with a wider operating frequency. (Global Spec, 2008) * Military / Defense * Mobile / Wireless  Systems * Plasma / Electron Laser * RF Induction Heating * Radar SystemsAmplifier Type: Applications: * Low Noise Amplifier * Power Amplifier * Bi-directional Amplifier * Multi-carrier Amplifier * Multiplier (RF amplifier, 2008) 3. 1 RF amplifier Selecting RF amplifiers requires an analysis of several performance specifications. Operating frequency is the frequency range for which RF amplifiers meet all guaranteed specifications. Design gain, the ratio of the output to the i nput power, is normally expressed in decibels (dB), or Gdb  = 10 * log (Po/Pi) Output power is  the signal power at the output of the amplifier under specified conditions such as temperature, load, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and supply voltage.Gain flatness indicates the degree of the gain variation over its range of operating wavelengths. Secondary performance specifications to consider include noise figure (NF), input VSWR, output VSWR, and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology. The noise figure, a measure of the amount of noise added to the signal during normal operation, is the ratio of the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the component and the signal-to-noise ratio measured at the output. The NF value sets the lower limit of the dynamic range of the amplifier. Input VSWR and output VSWR are unit-less ratios ranging from  1 to infinity that express the amount of reflected energy. Global Spec, 2008) There are several physical and electrical specifications to consider when selecting RF amplifiers. Physical specifications include package type and connector type. Package types include  surface mount technology (SMT),  flat pack, and  through hole technology (THT). RF amplifiers may also be  connector zed  or use waveguide assemblies. Connector types include BNC, MCX, Mini UHF, MMCX, SMA, SMB, SMP, TNC, Type F, Type N, UHF, 1. 6 / 5. 6, and 7/16. Important electrical characteristics include nominal operating voltage and nominal impedance. Operating temperature is an important environmental parameter to consider. (Global Spec, 2008) 3. 1. 1 The Transistor AmplifierIn the preceding section explains the internal workings of the transistor and will introduce new terms, such as emitter, base, and collector. Here it discusses the overall operation of transistor amplifier. To understand the overall operation of the transistor amplifier, it must have to only consider the current in and out of the transistor and through the various components in the circuit. Therefore, from this point on, only the schematic symbol for the transistor will be used in the illustrations, and rather than thinking about majority and minority carriers that mean it will be only emitter, base and collector current. Before going into the basic transistor amplifier, there are two terms it should be familiar with: AMPLIFICATION and AMPLIFIER.Amplification is the process of increasing the strength of a SIGNAL. A signal is just a general term used to refer to any particular current, voltage, or power in a circuit. An amplifier is the  device  that provides amplification (the increase in current, voltage, or power of a signal) without appreciably altering the original signal. Transistors are frequently used as amplifiers. Some transistor circuits are CURRENT amplifiers, with a small load resistance; other circuits are designed for VOLTAGE amplification and have a high load resistance; others amplify POWER. By inserting one or more resistors in a circuit, different methods of biasing may be achieved and the emitter-base battery eliminated.In addition to eliminating the battery, some of these biasing methods compensate for slight variations in transistor characteristics and changes in transistor conduction resulting from temperature irregularities. Notice in figure 2-12 that the emitter-base battery has been eliminated and the bias resistor RB  has been inserted between the collector and the base. Resistor RB  provides the necessary forward bias for the emitter-base junction. Current flows in the emitter-base bias circuit from ground to the emitter, out the base lead, and through RB  to VCC. Since the current in the base circuit is very small (a few hundred microamperes) and the forward resistance of the transistor is low, only a few tenths of a volt of positive bias will be felt on the base of the transistor.However, this is enough voltage on the base, along with ground on the emitter and the large positive voltage on the collector, to properly bias the transistor. (Intregrated Publishing, 2002) Figure 14 The basic transistor amplifier With Q1 properly biased, direct current flows continuously, with or without an input signal, throughout the entire circuit. The direct current flowing through the circuit develops more than just base bias; it also develops the collector voltage (VC) as it flows through Q1 and RL. Notice the collector voltage on the output graph. Since it is present in the circuit without an input signal, the output signal starts at the VC  level and either increases or decreases.These dc voltages and currents that exist in the circuit before the application of a signal are known as quiescent voltages and currents (the quiescent state of the circuit). Resistor RL, the collector load resistor, is placed in the circuit to keep the full effect of the collector supply voltage off the collector. This permits the collector voltage (VC) to change with an input signal , which in turn allows the transistor to amplify voltage. Without RL  in the circuit, the voltage on the collector would always be equal to VCC. The coupling capacitor (CC) is another new addition to the transistor circuit. It is used to pass the ac input signal and block the dc voltage from the preceding circuit. This prevents dc in the circuitry on the left of the coupling capacitor from affecting the bias on Q1.The coupling capacitor also blocks the bias of Q1 from reaching the input signal source. The input to the amplifier is a sine wave that varies a few millivolts above and below zero. It is introduced into the circuit by the coupling capacitor and is applied between the base and emitter. As the input signal goes positive, the voltage across the emitter-base junction becomes more positive. This in effect increases forward bias, which causes base current to increase at the same rate as that of the input sine wave. Emitter and collector currents also increase but much more th an the base current. With an increase in collector current, more voltage is developed across R  L.Since the voltage across RL  and the voltage across Q1 (collector to emitter) must add up to VCC, an increase in voltage across RL  results in an equal decrease in voltage across Q1. Therefore, the output voltage from the amplifier, taken at the collector of Q1 with respect to the emitter, is a  negative  alternation of voltage that is  larger  than the input, but has the same sine wave characteristics. During the negative alternation of the input, the input signal opposes the forward bias. This action decreases base current, which results in a decrease in both emitter and collector currents. The decrease in current through RL  decreases its voltage drop and causes the voltage across the transistor to rise along with the output voltage.Therefore, the output for the negative alternation of the input is a  positive  alternation of voltage that is  larger  than the input but has the same sine wave characteristics. By examining both input and output signals for one complete alternation of the input, we can see that the output of the amplifier is an exact reproduction of the input except for the  reversal in polarity  and the  increased amplitude  (a few millivolts as compared to a few volts). The PNP version of this amplifier is shown in the upper part of the figure. The primary difference between the NPN and PNP amplifier is the polarity of the source voltage. With a negative VCC, the PNP base voltage is slightly negative with respect to ground, which provides the necessary forward bias condition between the emitter and base.When the PNP input signal goes positive, it opposes the forward bias of the transistor. This action cancels some of the negative voltage across the emitter-base junction, which reduces the current through the transistor. Therefore, the voltage across the load resistor decreases, and the voltage across the transisto r increases. Since VCC  is negative, the voltage on the collector (VC) goes in a negative direction (as shown on the output graph) toward -VCC  (for example, from -5 volts to -7 volts). Thus, the output is a negative alternation of voltage that varies at the same rate as the sine wave input, but it is opposite in polarity and has a much larger amplitude.During the negative alternation of the input signal, the transistor current increases because the input voltage aids the forward bias. Therefore, the voltage across RL  increases, and consequently, the voltage across the transistor decreases or goes in a positive direction (for example: from -5 volts to -3 volts). This action results in a positive output voltage, which has the same characteristics as the input except that it has been amplified and the polarity is reversed. (Intregrated Publishing, 2002) 3. 1. 2 Ultra High Frequency Transistor Array (HFA) The HFA3046, HFA3096, HFA3127 and the HFA3128 are Ultra High Frequency Tra nsistor Arrays that are fabricated from Intersil Corporation’s complementary bipolar UHF-1 process.Each array consists of five dielectrically isolated transistors on a common monolithic substrate. The NPN transistors exhibit a fT of 8GHz while the PNP transistors provide a fT of 5. 5GHz. Both types exhibit low noise (3. 5dB), making them ideal for high frequency amplifier and mixer applications. (HFA3127, 2003) The HFA3046 and HFA3127 are all NPN arrays while the HFA3128 has all PNP transistors. The HFA3096 is an NPN-PNP combination. Access is provided to each of the terminals for the individual transistors for maximum application flexibility. Monolithic construction of these transistor arrays provides close electrical and thermal matching of the five transistors. Features * NPN Transistor (fT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8GHz * NPN Current Gain (hFE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 * NPN Early Voltage (VA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50V * PNP Transistor (fT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 5GHz * PNP Current Gain (hFE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 * PNP Early Voltage (VA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20V * Noise Figure (50? ) at 1. 0GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 5dB * Collector to Collector Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 dB) and this transistor amplifier gain was not enough for rebroadcasting signal, this project select another amplifier MAV-11SM from supervisor suggestion. One MAV-11SM amplifier gives around 10dB gain what has been shown in testing section. At last two MAV-11SM amplifiers and one HFA3127 has been used to get more than 30dB gain. It has been tested in network scalar analyzer. For field test, a TV card, three TV aerials have been used. The amplifier circuit has been connected with one aerial. It was working very well when it was directly connected with TV card. That it can be said that the repe ater was amplifying signal.But when another aerial with long transmission line was connected with amplifier and tried to rebroadcast the signal with 5v 1A power supply, TV picture quality was not improving expectedly. Digital repetition is an innovative concept, which helps to increase the DVB-T coverage while maintaining the highest quality and providing a greater flexibility. In spite of failure, this project was a high level platform to learn about signal and signalling. Future work: As this project is unsuccessful at that certain point, this project will try to solve the rebroadcasting problem. And the transistor array will be a great option to amplify signal if all five transistors are been used. From HFA3127, it is possible to get min of 120 dB gain if it is soldered perfectly. Works CitedAntenna basics. (2008, October 12). Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http://www. hdtvprimer. com/ANTENNAS/basics. html. Audet, J. (2001). Coaxial Cable Delay. Charan, L. (2002). Inter symbos Inter ferance (ISI) and Raised Cosine filters. Retrieved December 5, 2010, from http://www. complextoreal. com/chapters/isi. pdf. Datasheet. (2005, December 21). Retrieved February 20, 2011, from http://www. intersil. com/data/fn/fn3076. pdf. digital spy. (2009). Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. digitalspy. co. uk/digitaltv/information/a12613/uhf-channel-and-frequency-guide. html. Global Spec. (2008). Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. globalspec. om/learnmore/telecommunications_networking/rf_microwave_wireless_components/rf_amplifiers. HFA3127. (2003). Retrieved January 18, 2011, from http://www. intersil. com/products/deviceinfo. asp? pn=HFA3127. Intregrated Publishing. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 4, 2011, from http://www. tpub. com/neets/book7/25c. htm. Monolithic Amplifier. (2002). Retrieved January 14, 2011, from http://www. minicircuits. com/pdfs/MAV-11SM+. pdf. Pool, I. (2002). Digital Video Broadcasting. Retrieved April 13, 2011, from http://www. radio-electronics. com/info/broadcast/digital-video-broadcasting/what-is-dvb-tutorial. php. Power Amplifier design. (1998). RF transmitting transistor and power ampli? er fundamentals . RF amplifier. (2008).Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. globalspec. com/learnmore/telecommunications_networking/rf_microwave_wireless_components/rf_amplifiers. sub-TV. (2006, October 13). Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://www. sub-tv. co. uk/antennatheory. asp. Trolet, C. (2002). SPOT: filling gaps in DVB-T networks with digital repeaters. Presented by Gerard Faria, Scientific Director, Harris Broadcast Europe at BroadcastAsia2002 International Conference, Available at: http://www. broadcast. harris. com. Gantt chart APPENDICES Frequency Allocation for DVB-T in UK Band IV Channel| PAL-I Vision (MHz)| PAL-I Sound (MHz)| Centre (MHz)| 21| 471. 25| 477. 25| 474| 22| 479. 25| 485. 25| 482| 3| 487. 25| 493. 25| 490| 24| 495. 25| 501. 25| 498| 25| 503. 25| 509. 25| 506| 26| 511. 25| 517. 25| 514| 27| 519. 25| 52 5. 25| 522| 28| 527. 25| 533. 25| 530| 29| 535. 25| 541. 25| 538| 30| 543. 25| 549. 25| 546| 31| 551. 25| 557. 25| 554| 32| 559. 25| 565. 25| 562| 33| 567. 25| 573. 25| 570| 34| 575. 25| 581. 25| 578| 35| 583. 25| 589. 25| 586| 36| 591. 25| 597. 25| 594| 37| 599. 25| 605. 25| 602| 38| 607. 25| 613. 25| 610| Band V Channel| PAL-I Vision (MHz)| PAL-I Sound (MHz)| Centre (MHz)| 39| 615. 25| 621. 25| 618| 40| 623. 25| 629. 25| 626| 41| 631. 25| 637. 25| 634| 42| 639. 25| 645. 25| 642| 43| 647. 25| 653. 25| 650| 44| 655. 25| 661. 5| 658| 45| 663. 25| 669. 25| 666| 46| 671. 25| 677. 25| 674| 47| 679. 25| 685. 25| 682| 48| 687. 25| 693. 25| 690| 49| 695. 25| 701. 25| 698| 50| 703. 25| 709. 25| 706| 51| 711. 25| 717. 25| 714| 52| 719. 25| 725. 25| 722| 53| 727. 25| 733. 25| 730| 54| 735. 25| 741. 25| 738| 55| 743. 25| 749. 25| 746| 56| 751. 25| 757. 25| 754| 57| 759. 25| 765. 25| 762| 58| 767. 25| 773. 25| 770| 59| 775. 25| 781. 25| 778| 60| 783. 25| 789. 25| 786| 61| 791. 25| 797. 25| 794| 62| 799. 25| 805. 25| 802| 63| 807. 25| 813. 25| 810| 64| 815. 25| 821. 25| 818| 65| 823. 25| 829. 25| 826| 66| 831. 25| 837. 25| 834| 67| 839. 25| 845. 25| 842| 68| 847. 25| 853. 25| 850|